Introduction to Functional Areas of Management Unit 8
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Questions and Answers

What was the main occupation of prehistoric people?

  • Factory workers
  • Clerical workers
  • Nomadic hunters and gatherers (correct)
  • Farmers
  • What triggered the industrial revolution?

  • The rise of clerical workers
  • Technological advances (correct)
  • The growth of urban factories
  • The invention of the plow
  • In what century did the transformation to an agricultural economy take place?

  • 10,000 years ago (correct)
  • 10th century
  • 19th century
  • 20th century
  • What is another name for the information economy?

    <p>Post-industrial economy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of workers in the U.S. work in the information economy?

    <p>70%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common problem associated with the growth of cities in the industrial economy?

    <p>Pollution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main result of the agricultural revolution?

    <p>A society in which most people lived and worked on farms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key factor that contributed to each of the major paradigm shifts?

    <p>Advances in technology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of a system?

    <p>To accomplish a specific purpose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between robots and other computers?

    <p>The input and output peripherals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of inbound logistics in a business organisation?

    <p>To receive and store supplies and materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of information technology in business?

    <p>To make business processes more efficient</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a business organisation according to the value chain model?

    <p>A system designed to create products and services for customers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main purpose of an information system?

    <p>To produce and distribute information products and services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Who are referred to as information system users or end users?

    <p>All members of an organisation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of system designers in an information system?

    <p>To define the structure and design of the system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main function of feedback in a system?

    <p>To monitor and correct the system’s performance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five primary activities in the value chain model?

    <p>Inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, marketing, and service</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary objective of creating cross-functional information systems by reengineering or combining and integrating two or more transaction processing systems?

    <p>To support an organisation’s operational business processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is used to draw product or process designs on the screen?

    <p>Computer-Aided Design (CAD)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What retrieves the design specifications of the product from the CAD database?

    <p>Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept or management philosophy emphasizes the co-ordination of CAD and CAM systems?

    <p>Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What refers to both legal and ethical behaviour?

    <p>Social responsibility</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What guidelines were developed by Donn B. Parker, a leading expert on computer ethics?

    <p>Informed consent, The “higher ethic”, Most restrictive action, Universality rule, Change in rule, Owner’s conservative rule, and User’s conservative rule</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a company obliged to provide to its employees?

    <p>Personal respect, healthy working conditions, fair wages, and employment continuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the concept that emphasizes the integration of CAD, CAM, and other information systems in an organisation?

    <p>Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of managers in an organisation?

    <p>To decide how resources should be allocated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four categories of tasks in an organisation?

    <p>Communication, decision-making, operations, and strategic management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does information refer to?

    <p>Facts, statistics, or other data that are valuable or useful to a person</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of information technology in the context of business?

    <p>To perform five information functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the benefits of information systems to a firm?

    <p>High-quality information, access to information, utilisation of information, and better products and services</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a transaction processing system (TPS)?

    <p>A firm's basic accounting and record-keeping system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five steps in the transaction processing cycle?

    <p>Entering the data, processing the data, storing and updating the data, document and report preparation, and user inquiry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of data warehousing software?

    <p>To create and maintain very large databases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of enterprise resource planning?

    <p>To integrate transaction processing systems across functional areas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the output of one subsystem in enterprise resource planning?

    <p>The input to another subsystem</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Paradigm Shifts

    • Humanity experienced two major paradigm shifts before the 20th century: the agricultural revolution and the industrial revolution.
    • These shifts resulted in new ways of seeing the world and transformed human society.

    The Agricultural Economy

    • The transformation to an agricultural economy took place over several centuries around 10,000 years ago.
    • This shift resulted in a society where most people lived and worked on farms, exchanging goods and services in nearby towns.
    • The agricultural age lasted until about a century ago, when technological advances triggered the industrial revolution.

    The Industrial Economy

    • By the end of the 19th century, the world was dominated by an industrial economy in which more people worked in urban factories than on farms.
    • Increasingly, more wealth was in the hands of fewer people.
    • Crime, pollution, and other urban problems grew with the growth of towns into cities.

    The Information Economy

    • Twentieth-century information technology produced what's been called a second industrial revolution, as people turned from factory work to information-related work.
    • In today's information economy (sometimes called a post-industrial economy), clerical workers outnumber factory workers, and most people earn their living working with words, numbers, and ideas.
    • Approximately 70% of workers in the U.S. economy are information workers whose jobs require them to create, process, use, or distribute information.
    • There are two types of information workers: knowledge workers and data workers.

    Sectors in which computers are used

    • Computers have changed many jobs in various sectors, including:
      • Entertainment
      • Publishing
      • Medicine
      • Airlines
      • Science

    Systems and Organizations

    • A system is a set of interrelated parts that work together to accomplish a purpose.
    • A system performs three basic functions: input, processing, and output, and has two additional functions: feedback and control.
    • A system has a boundary that defines its limits, and anything outside the system's boundary is part of the system's environment.
    • A business organization is a system designed for the purpose of creating products and services for the consumer.

    The Value Chain Model of a Business Organization

    • The value chain model consists of five primary activities:
      • Inbound logistics
      • Operations
      • Outbound logistics
      • Marketing and sales
      • Service
    • The value chain model also includes four support activities:
      • Management and other administrative services
      • Human resources
      • Research and technology development
      • Procurement

    Information Systems

    • An information system is a set of interrelated parts that work together to produce, distribute, and use information products and services.
    • An information system uses people, hardware, and data resources for input, processing, output, storage, and control activities to produce valuable information for users.
    • Information systems can be categorized into four areas:
      • Communication among people in the organization
      • Making decisions within the organization
      • Operations of the organization
      • Strategic management of the organization

    Tasks and Information

    • Tasks can be categorized into four areas (mentioned above).
    • Information refers to facts, statistics, or other data that are valuable or useful to a person for accomplishing a task.
    • Information is organized and represented in some physical or digital form.

    Benefits of Information Systems

    • A firm can reap the following benefits from information systems:
      • High-quality information
      • Access to information
      • Utilization of information
      • Perform organizational work efficiently
      • Better communication and decision-making
      • Better products and services for customers

    Information Systems for Business Transactions

    • A transaction is an event that occurs in any of the primary activities of the company.
    • A transaction processing system (TPS) is a firm's basic accounting and record-keeping system that keeps track of routine daily transactions necessary to conduct business.
    • The transaction processing cycle consists of five steps:
      1. Entering the data
      2. Processing the data
      3. Storing and updating the data
      4. Document and report preparation
      5. User inquiry

    Enterprise Resource Planning

    • Transaction processing systems exist in all functional areas of a business.
    • Each subsystem is itself a transaction processing system.
    • Many managers in organizations look for ways to create cross-functional information systems by reengineering, or combining and integrating, two or more transaction processing systems.

    Automated Information Systems for Design and Manufacturing

    • Computer-Aided Design (CAD) is used in a wide variety of industries to draw product or process designs on the screen.
    • Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) is used to automate the manufacturing process.
    • Computer-Integrated Manufacturing (CIM) is a concept, or management philosophy, emphasizing the coordination of CAD and CAM systems along with other information systems in the company.

    Social Responsibility in the Information Age

    • Social responsibility refers to both legal and ethical behavior.
    • Laws define a society's proper, or legal, behavior and outline the actions a government can take in response to improper behavior.
    • Ethics are sets of principles or moral standards that help guide behavior, actions, and choices.
    • Social responsibility applies to a company as a whole as well as to individuals.
    • Some guidelines for computer ethics include:
      • Informed consent
      • The "higher ethic"
      • Most restrictive action
      • Universality rule
      • "Change in" rule
      • Owner's conservative rule
      • User's conservative rule

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    Learn about the major paradigm shifts in human history, from the agricultural revolution to the industrial revolution and into the information age.

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