History of Epidemiology: Early Ideas
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Questions and Answers

What shift in understanding is emphasized regarding the study of diseases?

  • Diseases need to be understood as population phenomena.
  • Diseases should be viewed primarily through a religious lens.
  • The study of diseases should focus solely on individual cases. (correct)
  • Emphasis should be placed on the economic impact of diseases.

What initial perspective was associated with diseases?

  • An economic problem.
  • A strictly scientific understanding.
  • A magical-religious idea.
  • A biohazard. (correct)

What practice, developed in China, is an example of a pre-scientific approach to disease control?

  • Acupuncture.
  • Herbal medicine.
  • Variolization. (correct)
  • Quarantine.

What happened to the western world after the collapse of classical civilization?

<p>It advanced in scientific medicine. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did use of the term 'epidemic' begin?

<p>During the Industrial Revolution. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

From when has the term 'epidemic' been used to describe devastating infections?

<p>Since the Late Middle Ages. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did efforts to understand disease have during and after the Renaissance?

<p>They halted medical progress. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was smallpox introduced to the Americas?

<p>Through African slaves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who published the first book in Spanish that included the term epidemiology and when?

<p>Hans Christian Gram, in 1884. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Around what time were the terms 'epidemic' and 'endemic' incorporated for use in Spanish?

<p>Around 1500. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did Athanasius Kircher make in 1656?

<p>He discovered how the turks protected themselves agains the variola. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Leeuwenhoek improve in 1677 and what did he observe?

<p>He discovered the smallpox vaccine and observed its effects. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Lady Mary Wortley Montagu observe in 1716 regarding the viruela?

<p>how Turks protected themselves against it. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What medical error did John Hunter make?

<p>He confused syphilis and gonorrhea. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what year did Edward Jenner pioneer vaccination?

<ol start="1798"> <li>(C)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

How did the French Revolution influence epidemiology?

<p>It stimulated interest in public health and preventative medicine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory did Jacob Henle express in 1840?

<p>The theory of relativity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did John Snow and William Budd prove, before Pasteur and Koch?

<p>The benefits of vaccination. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contribution did Luis Pasteur definitively make in 1861?

<p>He invented the microscope. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific contribution did Robert Koch make in 1876?

<p>He invented pasteurization. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What refinement did Friedrich and Adolph Neelsen make in 1884?

<p>They modified staining for acid resistance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contribution did Hans Christian Joachim Gram introduce in 1884?

<p>He discovered a new type of cell. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What innovation is credited to Luis Pasteur in 1885?

<p>The flu vaccine. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What discovery did Iwanowski make in 1899?

<p>The structure of DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which disease was confirmed to be transmitted by the Anopheles mosquito?

<p>Zika. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What disease does the Aedes aegypti mosquito trasnmite?

<p>Yellow fever. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What action did Alexander Fleming discover in 1929?

<p>Antibacterial. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

When were the first cases of AIDS identified?

<ol start="1970"> <li>(B)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

When was the first case of AIDS detected in El Salvador?

<ol start="1980"> <li>(D)</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What is significant about the disease of Chagas?

<p>Its origins and discovery are important to understand. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Salvador Mazza play in the study of Chagas disease?

<p>He discovered the cure. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What caused disorder regarding the disease of Influenza porcina?

<p>Lack of medicine. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the correct name of the 'gripe porcina'?

<p>Influenza H1N1, H3N2. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How were the authorities defined the cause of Wuhan's pneumonia?

<p>Common flue. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is the correct URL to read about the monkey pox alerta in the world?

<p><a href="https://www.who.int/emergencies/en">https://www.who.int/emergencies/en</a> (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the followings are the sympthoms main complaints of the monkey pox?

<p>Burn in genitals. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Class Overview

An ample review of the previous class, with content as abundant as history itself.

Importance of Disease Study

Understanding diseases as population phenomena, vital for current health problem understanding.

Magico-religious Origin

An idea rooted in magic and religion, existing in a pre-scientific, mystical era.

Variolization

An ancient practice from China to prevent smallpox

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Health as Balance

Balance between humans and their environment as a synonym for health for centuries.

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Epidemic Definition

Refers to an unexpected number of disease cases.

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Epidemic Term Usage

Used since the late Middle Ages to describe devastating infections.

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Renaissance Medical Advances

Efforts to understand diseases led to medical works in the Renaissance.

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Smallpox in America

Smallpox arrived in the Americas in 1520, brought by Hernán Cortés.

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Epidemiology in Spanish

First Spanish reference to the term Epidemiology in a book by Quinto Tiberio Angelerio, 1598.

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Adoption of Medical Terms

Terms 'epidemic' and 'endemic' incorporated in Spanish around 1606.

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Early Microscopes

Kircher used a low-magnification microscope, Leeuwenhoek perfected it.

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Leeuwenhoek's Discovery

Leeuwenhoek observed animacules (Giardia lamblia).

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Lady Mary Worthey Montagu

Observed Turks protecting against smallpox via variolization in 1716.

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John Hunter's Confusion

Confused syphilis and gonorrhea for centuries.

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Edward Jenner

Pioneered vaccination in 1798.

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French Revolution's Influence

Late 19th-century stimulated interest in public health and preventative medicine.

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Jacob Henle

Expressed germ theory of disease in 1840.

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Snow and Budd

Proved germ theory before Pasteur and Koch.

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Louis Pasteur

Disproved spontaneous generation in 1861.

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Robert Koch

Established etiology of anthrax in 1876.

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Friedrich and Neelsen

Modified staining for acid-fast bacteria in 1884.

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Hans Christian Joachim Gram

Created Gram stain in 1884.

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Pasteur's Antirabic Vaccination

The salvation of Joseph Meister.

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Iwanowski's Discovery

Discovered the tobacco virus in 1899.

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Malaria Transmission

Confirmed Anopheles transmits malaria in 1900.

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Finlay and Walter Reed

These men confirmed Aedes aegypti transmits yellow fever.

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Alexander Fleming

Discovered antibacterial action of penicillium notatum on Sthaphylococcus in 1929.

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1980 HIV discovery cases

First cases of AIDS emerge.

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Chagas Disease

The origins, initial studies, obstacles, Mazza's role, and preventative measures.

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Influenza Porcina

The history of swine flu triggered discussion.

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Wuhan Zone Cero

Ground zero in the COVID-19 pandemic.

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Varicella del mono

A skin illnesses caused by a virus that spreads with close contact.

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Study Notes

  • Presented by Dr. Saúl Gallardo Aguilar in San Salvador, January 2025
  • The class will provide a broader review than the previous one, due to the extensive content of history itself.
  • Understanding diseases as population phenomena and health issues is crucial
  • Descriptions from that time referred to infectious diseases

Early Ideas

  • Initial understanding was rooted in magical-religious ideas

  • A pre-scientific and mystical era existed

  • An example is endemic China, which led to the development of Variolization

  • The concept of balance between humans and their environment as synonymous with health persisted for centuries

  • With the collapse of classical civilization, the West reverted to magical-religious conceptions that characterized early civilizations

  • The exact origin of the term "Epidemic" to describe an unexpected number of disease cases is unknown

  • The term was used from the late Middle Ages onwards

  • Efforts to understand the nature and development of diseases led to medical works in the centuries after the Renaissance

  • Smallpox, which had affected Eastern Europe in 710 AD, was brought to the Americas by Hernán Cortés

  • According to Nájera, the first reference to the term "Epidemiology" in Castilian appears in a book by Quinto Tiberio Angelerio, in 1598, Madrid

  • The terms "epidemic" and "endemic" were incorporated into the language around 1606

  • In 1656, Anastacio Kircher was the first to use a very low magnification microscope

  • Antonie van Leeuwenhoek improved the microscope by 1677 and observed animacules (Giardia lamblia)

  • In 1716, Lady Mary Wortley Montagu observed how Turks protected themselves against smallpox through variolization

  • The Chinese and Indians had been doing it since ancient times

  • In 1767, John Hunter confused syphilis and gonorrhea for centuries

  • In 1798, Edward Jenner introduced vaccination

  • The French Revolution at the end of the 19th century greatly influenced epidemiology

  • It stimulated interest in public health and preventive medicine, facilitating the development of the epidemiological approach to disease

  • In 1840, Jacob Henle expressed the theory of pathogenic germs causing diseases

  • In 1849, John Snow (Father of Modern Epidemiology) and William Budd proved the germ-disease theory before Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch

  • They described modes of transmission of cholera and typhoid fever

  • In 1861, Louis Pasteur disproved the theory of spontaneous generation

  • In 1876, Robert Koch presented the etiology of anthrax based on the biography of Bacillus anthracis

  • Koch's postulates included systemic bacteriology

  • The etiology of Tuberculosis was identified in 1881-1882

  • In 1884, Friedrich and Adolph Neelsen modified acid-fast staining

  • In 1884, Hans Christian Joachim Gram created Gram stain

  • In 1885, Luis Pasteur developed the rabies vaccine

  • Joseph Meister was saved by the antirabic Vaccine

  • In 1899, Ivanowski discovered the tobacco mosaic virus

  • In 1900, Patrick Manson, Giovanni B. Grassi, Amico Bignami, and Guiseppe Bastianelli confirmed Ross's prediction that Anopheles transmits malaria

  • In 1901, Carlos Finlay and Walter Reed found that Aedes aegypti transmits yellow fever

  • In 1929, Alexander Fleming discovered the antibacterial action of Penicillium notatum on Staphylococcus

  • In 1980, the first cases of AIDS were reported

  • The first case in El Salvador was detected in 1984 at Hospital Rosales

  • The origin study is about Chagas Disease

  • Its discovery, initial studies, challenges, Salvador Mazza's role, and preventive development in El Salvador should be known

  • Sixteen years prior, the swine flu outbreak caused disruption and should be known.

  • The disease is correctly called Influenza H1N1 and H3N2

  • Now, the disease Is called H5N1(?) and H9N5 (?)

  • The "ground zero" of the pandemic was Wuhan

  • Wuhan was in search of the first Covin blood

  • Two and a half years after the first infected, a fisherman and a shrimp vendor from the market appeared as the first carriers

  • On December 31, 2019, authorities defined it as a strange "viral pneumonia"

  • Monkeypox was declared a state of maximum alert by the WHO due to its high infection rate in July 2022

  • The patient's main complaints were pain, inflammation, and burning in the genitals

  • There were at least nine wounds on the skin

  • Learning about the history of diseases and how knowledge has advanced is crucial for professional development and general awareness

  • Thank you, from Anya Forger

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Description

Reviewing the history of epidemiology, focusing on early ideas, magical-religious understandings of diseases, and the concept of balance between humans and their environment. The origin of the term "Epidemic" and the efforts to understand disease development are explored.

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