History of Eastern and Western States

Peoples and States in the East

• Somali People

  • Inhabitants of the Horn of Africa; engaged in a pastoral economy and seasonal migration for grazing.
  • Merca, located near the Shabele River, was a significant gathering point during the 13th century.
  • Songs from the 15th century celebrated King Yeshaq's military successes against Christian kingdoms.
  • The Somali played crucial roles in the Sultanate of Adal's victories over Christian states.
  • Governed by a council known as shir, promoting a democratic decision-making process with adult male participation.
  • The guurti, a council of elders, acted as the highest political authority for conflict resolution and governance of societal affairs, including trade and resource management.

• Afar People

  • Predominantly reside in northeastern Ethiopia and northern Djibouti, with some in southern Eritrea.
  • Governed through a traditional system known as Makabanto with democratic elements.
  • First historical references recorded by Ibn Said; they occupied lowlands near Bab el-Mandeb in the 13th century.
  • Following the Sultanate of Adal's decline in the 16th century, established several sultanates: Awsa, Girrifo, Tadjourah, Rahaito, and Gobad.
  • The Awsa Sultanate emerged around 1577, featuring a silver baton as a symbol of authority, and later became a hub for Islamic learning.

• Argoba People

  • The origins of the Argoba people are unclear, with two primary theories: descent from Prophet Mohammed's followers or indigenous early settlers who embraced Islam.
  • Likely among the first in the region to accept Islam from Arabic missionaries.

• Emirate of Harar

  • One of the earliest Muslim centers in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa.
  • Harar became the capital of the Sultanate of Adal in the 16th century but was relocated to Awsa in 1577 due to Oromo pressure.
  • Imam Ahmed ibn Ibrahim used Harar for military campaigns against Christian realms starting in 1527.
  • Under Emir Nur Mujahid, Harar evolved into a fortified city with a growing sultanate influence.
  • During Emir Ali ibn Da’ud’s rule (1647-62), it developed a lasting dynasty in cooperation with the Oromo.
  • The Amir's council, Majilis, oversaw mosque properties and supported the Amir, contributing to Harar's prominence in Islamic culture and regional trade.
  • Economic growth linked to control over trade routes from Zeila and Berbera, establishing authority over surrounding communities through trade, intermarriage, and Islamic teachings.
  • Attracted Egyptian interest, leading to an expeditionary force sent in 1875.