History of Eastern and Western States

Peoples and States in the East

Somali People
- Inhabitants of the Horn of Africa; engaged in a pastoral economy and seasonal migration for grazing.
- Merca, located near the Shabele River, was a significant gathering point during the 13th century.
- Songs from the 15th century celebrated King Yeshaq's military successes against Christian kingdoms.
- The Somali played crucial roles in the Sultanate of Adal's victories over Christian states.
- Governed by a council known as shir, promoting a democratic decision-making process with adult male participation.
- The guurti, a council of elders, acted as the highest political authority for conflict resolution and governance of societal affairs, including trade and resource management.
Afar People
- Predominantly reside in northeastern Ethiopia and northern Djibouti, with some in southern Eritrea.
- Governed through a traditional system known as Makabanto with democratic elements.
- First historical references recorded by Ibn Said; they occupied lowlands near Bab el-Mandeb in the 13th century.
- Following the Sultanate of Adal's decline in the 16th century, established several sultanates: Awsa, Girrifo, Tadjourah, Rahaito, and Gobad.
- The Awsa Sultanate emerged around 1577, featuring a silver baton as a symbol of authority, and later became a hub for Islamic learning.
Argoba People
- The origins of the Argoba people are unclear, with two primary theories: descent from Prophet Mohammed's followers or indigenous early settlers who embraced Islam.
- Likely among the first in the region to accept Islam from Arabic missionaries.
Emirate of Harar
- One of the earliest Muslim centers in Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa.
- Harar became the capital of the Sultanate of Adal in the 16th century but was relocated to Awsa in 1577 due to Oromo pressure.
- Imam Ahmed ibn Ibrahim used Harar for military campaigns against Christian realms starting in 1527.
- Under Emir Nur Mujahid, Harar evolved into a fortified city with a growing sultanate influence.
- During Emir Ali ibn Da’ud’s rule (1647-62), it developed a lasting dynasty in cooperation with the Oromo.
- The Amir's council, Majilis, oversaw mosque properties and supported the Amir, contributing to Harar's prominence in Islamic culture and regional trade.
- Economic growth linked to control over trade routes from Zeila and Berbera, establishing authority over surrounding communities through trade, intermarriage, and Islamic teachings.
- Attracted Egyptian interest, leading to an expeditionary force sent in 1875.