Peoples and States in Africa Region
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following best describes the primary method used by the Emirate of Harar to extend its authority?

  • Imposing heavy taxes and creating vassal states
  • Military conquest and forced subjugation
  • Political alliances with European powers
  • Trade, inter-marriage, and Islamic teachings (correct)

    • Who is traditionally considered the founder of the Shewan branch of the 'Solomonids'?

  • Merid Azmatch Sebestie
  • Abuye/Abiyye
  • Negasi Kristos (correct)
  • Ainaha Iyesus

    • What was the main function of the Majlis in the Emirate of Harar?

  • To serve as the Emir's personal bodyguard.
  • To manage mosque land (waqf). (correct)
  • To oversee trade relations with other emirates.
  • To command the military forces.

    • Which of the following groups did King Abuye fail to subjugate, ultimately leading to his demise?

    <p>The Karrayu Oromo (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which leader shifted the capital of Shewa from Doqaqit to Ankober?

    <p>Ainaha Iyesus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During whose reign did Harar become a walled city?

    <p>Fair Nur Mujahid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a common method of interaction between the various peoples and states mentioned in the text?

    <p>Long-distance trade and other avenues of contact (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas were not conquered by Asfa-Wosen during his rule in Shewa?

    <p>Yifat (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the staple crop in Gurage?

    <p>Enset (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which title combined political and military authority among Gurage leaders?

    <p>Abegaz (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What formed the nucleus of the state of Kambata?

    <p>Four communities of separate origin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following crops were major cash crops in the Silte highland areas?

    <p>Coffee and Berbere (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What traditional governance system was utilized by the Halaba?

    <p>Sera laws (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a distinguishing feature of Hadiya's political structure?

    <p>Subgroup diversity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which community is primarily associated with the origins of the Anywa state?

    <p>Oshoda (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which community has the traditional institution called Hambericho Council?

    <p>Kambata (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The Nuer community is primarily located in which geographical areas?

    <p>Savannas and marshes (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of governance system was employed by the Anywa?

    <p>Chief-led village governance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major ethnic group is traced among the descendants of Hadiya?

    <p>Oromo (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What were the traditional methods of agriculture practiced by the Majang?

    <p>Shifting cultivation and fishing (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which major cash crops are recorded in Halaba's economy?

    <p>Red pepper, maize, and teff (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did Nayyi Aliye play in the history of Silte?

    <p>He moved notable groups into the region (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    Emirate of Harar

    A historical state in Eastern Africa, known for being walled and ruled by various Amirs.

    Nur Mujahid

    The ruler during whose reign Harar became a significant walled city.

    Majlis

    The council that assisted Amirs in the Emirate of Harar, overseeing mosque land.

    Kingdom of Shewa

    A historical kingdom in Ethiopia founded by Negasi Kristos in the late 17th century.

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    Negasi Kristos

    The founder of the Kingdom of Shewa, claiming lineage from Ethiopian royalty.

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    Abuye/Abiyye

    Second king of the Kingdom of Shewa, known for attempts at Oromo subjugation.

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    Ainaha Iyesus

    Effective leader of Shewa, known for his attempts to control various districts.

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    Afar and Argobba

    Ethnic groups in the region that interacted with the ruling dynasties of Harar and Shewa.

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    Shewa's economy

    It was primarily based on agriculture, supplemented by trade and craft.

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    Gurage groups

    Includes Sebat Bet and Northern Gurage, along with other subgroups like Dobbi and Gadabano.

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    Yajoka Qicha

    Traditional governance system among the Sebat Bet Gurage, lacking centralized leadership.

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    Enset

    The staple crop in Gurage, vital for their food economy.

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    Silte movement

    Movement of notable figures from the Chercher highlands during conflicts, settling in southern Ethiopia.

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    Khat and berbere

    The two major cash crops in the Silte area, critical for trade.

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    Hadiya state origin

    Traces back to the thirteenth century, with significant population movements influencing its diversity.

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    Queen Elleni

    Hadiya princess who married Emperor Zara-Yaqob, stabilizing relations with the Christian state.

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    Kambata state formation

    Nucleus formed by four communities around the mid-1550s with a council system.

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    Hambericho Council

    Traditional administrative body in Kambata with representatives from seven clans.

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    Halaba administrative system

    Led by a king, with clan leaders handling societal matters based on Sera laws.

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    Anywa governance

    Villages led by a chief called kuaari, supported by nobles in managing resources and disputes.

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    Majang lifestyle

    Involves shifting cultivation, animal husbandry, beekeeping, hunting and fishing.

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    Nuer age-set system

    Combines social and political functions, with initiation rites marking adulthood.

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    Kunama customary institution

    Sanga-anene oversees community administration, asylum, and reconciliation rituals.

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    Study Notes

    Peoples and States in Eastern, Central, Southern, and Western Regions

    • Detailed study of all peoples and states impossible in a brief module; this section highlights examples.
    • Regional peoples and states had connections through trade and other interactions.

    Peoples and States in the East

    • Emirate of Harar:
      • Nur Mujahid's reign saw Harar become a walled city.
      • Ali ibn Da’nd established a dynasty lasting over two centuries.
      • Amirs like Abdul Shakur strengthened the emirate.
      • The Majlis (council) supervised mosque land (waqf) and supported the Amirs.
      • Amirs expanded authority over surrounding groups (Afar, Argobba, Oromo, Somali) through trade, marriage, and Islam.

    Peoples and States in Central and South Central Parts

    • Kingdom of Shewa:

      • Negasi Kristos founded the kingdom, claiming descent from the Solomonic line.
      • He established alliances with Argobba Muslims.
      • Merid Azmatch Sebestie/Sebastyanos, Abuye/Abiyye, and Ainaha Iyesus/Ainhayyes were succeeding rulers.
      • Ainaha Iyesus consolidated control over various districts (Bulga, Efrata, Menz, etc.). His capital later moved to Ankober.
      • Asfa-Wosen expanded the kingdom by conquering surrounding territories (Antsokia, Asbo, etc.).
      • Economy relied primarily on agriculture, supplemented by trade and crafts.

    • Gurage:

      • Two major groups (Western/Sebat Bet, Northern/Kistane) with traditional governance structures (Yajoka Qicha, Gordanna Sera).
      • No centralized leadership; power in descent/clan groups.
      • Leaders held titles like 'abegaz' or 'azmatch' (political/military authority).
      • Staple crop was enset.

    • Silte:

      • Origins linked to people moving from eastern highlands, possibly related to conflicts with Christian kingdoms and Oromo.
      • Ethnogenesis may have involved a mix of groups.
      • Chief crops: enset (highlands) and cereals (lowlands).
      • Additional cash crops included khat, berbere, and increasingly coffee.

    • Hadiya:

      • Origin dates back to the 13th century.
      • Population became more diverse after Christian-Adal wars and Oromo migrations.
      • Relations with the Christian state were largely stable, particularly after a royal marriage.
      • Notable subgroups include Mareko, Lemu, Soro, Shasliogo, and Badoivacho.

    • Kambata:

      • Four separate communities (Kambata, Dubamo, Donga, Tembaro) coalesced around 1550-70 to form the Kambata state.
      • Omotic and Seinitic peoples influenced state formation.
      • Kambata Lamala were seven dominant clans.
      • Administrative institution (Hambericho Council) with seven members representing clans.
      • Staple crop was enset. Shared culture and language (Kambatissa).

    • Halaba:

      • Lived between the Bilate River and Lake Hawasa.
      • Indigenous administration led by a Woma (king) and clan/village leaders.
      • Halabi Ogete (village leader assembly) handled societal issues and disputes.
      • Administrative system based on Sera (laws and values).
      • Economy focused on subsistence agriculture and livestock.
      • Major crops included red pepper, maize, and teff. Kolito was a major market center.

    Peoples and States in the West

    • Anywa:

      • Predominantly lived along rivers (Pibor, Sobat, Gila, etc.).
      • Local tradition traces origin to a founding father (Oshoda).
      • Village governance led by a chief (kuaari) and nobles (nyiye).

    • Majang:

      • Origin in the Boma plateau in South Sudan; settled around Dembi-Dollo.
      • Practiced shifting cultivation, animal husbandry, beekeeping, hunting, and fishing.

    • Nuer:

      • Lived in savannas and marshes of the Bahr el-Ghazal and Upper Nile regions.
      • Largely settled in the Gambella plains along the Sobat and Baro Rivers since the 19th century.
      • Had an age-set system with social and political functions.
      • Boys had to pass through initiation rites.

    • Berta and Gumuz:

      • Lived around the lower Abbay (Awash) River.
      • Long trade contacts with northern Sudan led to strong Islamic influence.
      • Gold deposits attracted other groups.

    • Kunama:

      • Ancient inhabitants of western Eritrea (Gash and Tekkeze Rivers).
      • Had a customary institution (sanga-anene) for administration, dispute resolution, and asylum.
      • Matrilineal inheritance of the sanga-anene office.
      • Staple crop was kina (sorghum). Other crops included millet, pulses, and maize. Kept goats, sheep, oxen, and camels.

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    Description

    Explore the rich history and interactions of various peoples and states in Eastern, Central, and Southern Africa. This quiz covers significant regions, including the Emirate of Harar and the Kingdom of Shewa, highlighting their historical connections through trade, alliances, and culture.

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