11 Questions
When was the World Health Organization (WHO) established?
1948
What does the acronym GOBI stand for?
Growth Monitoring, Oral Rehydration, Breastfeeding and Immunization
Which of the following is not a common mode of transmission for HIV, the virus that causes AIDS?
Mosquito bites
According to the definition provided in the text, which of the following is NOT a characteristic of a community?
Exhibiting and creating social institutions
What is the primary goal of the 'Health for All' initiative mentioned in the text?
To provide universal access to primary healthcare by the year 2000
What is the primary purpose of anti-retroviral treatment for HIV/AIDS?
To reduce the risk and complications associated with AIDS
What was the belief about people who were ill?
They were punished by a deity or supernatural being
What was the process of 'trepanation' used for?
To release evil spirits dwelling within a person
Who is considered the 'Father of Medicine' and what did he contribute to?
Hippocrates, who contributed to the professionalization of medicine
What was the most notorious epidemic mentioned in the text?
The Black Plague, also known as the Bubonic Plague
What was the cause of the Bubonic Plague mentioned in the text?
A bacteria called Yersinia pestis, transmitted through flea bites
Study Notes
History of Community and Public Health
- People in ancient times believed in supernatural beings and thought illness was a punishment from them.
- As people started to settle together, shamans or medicine men emerged as natural healers, using practices like geophagy (eating clay or earth) and trepanation (drilling holes in the skull to release evil spirits).
Hippocrates and the Dawn of Modern Medicine
- Hippocrates, considered the father of medicine, contributed greatly to the professionalization of medicine.
- His book "De Aere, Aquis Et Locis" ("Of Air, Water, and Land") emphasized that disease is caused by environmental factors, not divine acts.
The Middle Ages and the Black Death
- The Black Death, also known as the Bubonic Plague, devastated Europe, killing one-third of the population over five years.
- It was caused by the Yersinia pestis bacteria, transmitted through flea bites.
Development of Modern Public Health Institutions
- In 1898, the Board of Health for the Philippine Islands was established, later becoming the Department of Health, with Dr. Jose Fabella as its first secretary.
- The World Health Organization (WHO) was established in 1948.
- The Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) was established in Atlanta, USA in 1946, two years before WHO.
- In 1978, the Declaration of Alma-Ata on Primary Health Care declared health as a human right and pushed for "Health for All" by 2000.
Modern Public Health Initiatives
- In 1982, UNICEF launched the GOBI strategy, focusing on Growth Monitoring, Oral Rehydration, Breastfeeding, and Immunization.
- In the 20-21st centuries, emerging diseases like AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) caused by HIV have become major public health concerns.
- Anti-retroviral treatment has been shown to reduce the risk and complications of AIDS.
Definition of Community Health
- Community health is defined as a social group determined by geographical boundaries and/or common values and interests, with members interacting with each other and functioning within a particular structure, exhibiting certain norms, values, and social institutions (WHO Expert Committee, 1974).
Explore the early history of community and public health, from beliefs in supernatural beings to the emergence of natural healers like Shamans. Learn about practices like geophagy and trepanation in communal living settings.
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