13 Questions
What is the purpose of integrating community service with academic study in service-learning?
to enrich learning, teach civic responsibility, and strengthen communities
What is the role of public health laboratory professionals according to the content?
Test both biological and environmental samples to diagnose, prevent, treat, and control infectious diseases in the community
All service-learning programs are composed of specific roles.
True
What is the primary purpose of governmental (official) health agencies?
To promote, protect, and maintain health in a community
Which organization is considered the primary international health agency?
World Health Organization (WHO)
Coordinated School Health Programs aim to protect, promote, and improve the __________ of students and staff.
health
Quasi-governmental health organizations operate under direct government supervision.
False
Match the following levels of health care with their description:
Primary Level of Care = First point of contact for the community Secondary Level of Care = Capable of performing minor surgeries and simple laboratory examinations Tertiary Level of Care = Rendered by specialists in specialized health facilities
Define community health.
Community health is a discipline that is concerned with the betterment of health, focusing on people in the same geographic areas.
Which factors affect the health of a community? (Select all that apply)
Social and cultural factors
Public health is concerned with preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting healthy behaviors.
True
Health is a 'state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being and not merely the absence of __________.'
disease
Match the historical periods with their key characteristics:
Middle Ages = Spiritual era, epidemics of communicable diseases Twentieth Century = Health resources development, reform period Post-war years = Hospital construction, polio vaccine Eighteenth Century = Industrial growth, crowded cities, poor sanitary conditions
Study Notes
Community Health Yesterday, Today, and Tomorrow
- Definition of Community Health: a field of public health that focuses on the health of a specific geographic area or population
- Objectives of Community Health:
- Describe concepts and principles of community and public health
- Differentiate between community health and personal health, and between community health and public health
- Discuss the history of community and public health
- List serious health problems facing communities in the 1990s and early 2000s
- Offer an outlook for community health in the 21st century in the world and the Philippines
Health: Positive and Negative
- Negative Health: absence of disease, illness, or sickness; measured by morbidity rates, mortality rates, and routinely collected statistics
- Positive Health: not only the absence of disease, but also feelings of mental, physical, and social well-being; measured by quality of life measurements, disability-adjusted life years (DALY), and sickness impact profiles
Community
- Definition: a group of people who form relationships over time by interacting regularly around shared experiences
- Characteristics of a community:
- Biology: interacting organisms (people) sharing the same environment
- Sociology: a group of interacting people larger than a household living in a common location
- Composition: people, place, identity, common culture, social system
- Elements of a community:
- People
- Place
- Identity
- Common culture
- Social system
Personal Health
- Definition: individual actions and decision-making that affect the health of an individual or their immediate family
- Influenced by:
- Environment
- Socioeconomic level
- Social status
- Income
Community Health
- Definition: a field of public health that focuses on the health of a specific geographic area or population; includes private and public efforts of individuals, groups, or organizations
- Purpose: to promote, protect, and preserve the health of those in the community
Factors Affecting Community Health
- Physical factors:
- Geography
- Environment
- Industrial development
- Social and cultural factors:
- Beliefs
- Traditions
- Prejudices
- Economics
- Socioeconomic status (SES)
- Community organization factors:
- Ways in which communities organize their resources
- Individual behavior factors:
- Takes the concerted effort of many individuals to make a community voluntary program work
Public Health
- Definition: the science and art of preventing disease, prolonging life, and promoting health through the efforts of the organized community
- Purpose: to improve the quality of life of the people
- Core element of government attempts to improve and promote the health and welfare of their citizens
- Public health measures:
- Prevent epidemics and the spread of disease
- Protect against environmental hazards
- Prevent injuries
- Promote and encourage healthy behaviors
- Respond to disasters and assist communities in recovery
- Ensure the quality and accessibility of health services
History of Public Health
- Evidence of community health practices in earliest civilizations
- Middle Ages: little progress in public or community health
- Period of Renaissance and Exploration: renewed interest in causes and cures of diseases
- 19th century: modern era of public health begins
- 20th century:
- Health resources development period (1900-1960)
- Reform period (1900-1920)
- Great Depression (1929-1935)
- Post-war years (1945-1960)
- Health promotion period (1975-1990)
- 1990s and early 2000s: six serious health challenges
Accomplishments in Public Health
- Vaccination: eradication of smallpox, elimination of polio, control of measles, rubella, tetanus, diphtheria, Hib, etc.
- Motor vehicle safety: improvement of motor-vehicle safety, reduction in motor-vehicle-related deaths
- Safer workplaces: reduction of work-related health problems and injuries
- Control of infectious diseases: decline in deaths from coronary disease and stroke
- Safer and healthier foods: decreased microbial contamination and increased nutritional content
- Healthier mothers and babies: better hygiene, nutrition, and access to healthcare
- Fluoridation of drinking water
- Recognition of tobacco use as a health hazard
Outlook for Community Health in the 21st Century
- Challenges:
- Reduce the burden of excess morbidity and mortality suffered by the poor
- Counter potential threats to health resulting from economic crises, unhealthy environments, or risky behaviors
- Develop more effective health systems
- Expand the knowledge base
Organizations that Contribute to Community Health
- Governmental health agencies:
- World Health Organization (WHO)
- National health agencies
- Regional/state health agencies
- Local health departments
- Quasi-governmental health organizations:
- American Red Cross
- National Science Foundation
- National Academy of Sciences
- Non-governmental health organizations (NGOs):
- Voluntary health agencies (e.g. American Cancer Society)
- Professional health organizations (e.g. PAMET, PASMETH)
- Philanthropic organizations
- Corporate organizations### Philanthropic Foundations
- Providing money for projects and research to benefit society, often focused on improving health
- Examples include the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Rockefeller Foundation, and the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation
Service, Social, and Religious Organizations
- Members enjoy social interaction with similar interests
- Examples include the Jaycees, Kiwanis Club, Rotary Club, American Legion, Lion's Club, and Missionaries of Charity
- Mission: Service to others in their communities
Corporate Involvement in Community Health
- Corporations affect community health through environmental impact, natural resource use, waste disposal, work environment safety, and product/service types
- Providing health care benefits to employees, health and safety education, and wellness programs
Levels of Health Care and Referral System in the Philippines
- National Health Services and Medical Centers (top level)
- Regional Health Services and Medical Centers
- Provincial/City Health Services and Hospitals
- Emergency/District Hospitals
- Rural Health Units and Community Hospitals and Health Centers
- Private Practitioners and Barangay Health Stations (lowest level)
Levels of Care
-
Primary Level of Care: First contact between community members and health facility
-
Healthcare provided by center physicians, public health nurses, rural health midwives, and others at barangay health stations and rural health units
-
Secondary Level of Care: Health facilities capable of performing minor surgeries and simple laboratory examinations
-
Given by physicians with basic health training
-
Referral center for primary health facilities
-
Tertiary Level of Care: Rendered by specialists in health facilities, including medical centers and specialized hospitals
-
Referral center for secondary care facilities
-
Complicated cases and intensive care
Teaching and Community and Public Health
- Using a service-learning approach to enrich learning, teach civic responsibility, and strengthen communities
- Incorporating allied medical courses, such as BSMLS, with important roles in diagnostic services and public health laboratory professionals
Service-Learning Roles and Outcomes
- Service-learning consists of community service, academic study, and reflection
- Outcomes include enhanced academic learning, purposeful civic learning, reflective observation, and evolving new paradigms
This quiz covers the concepts and principles of community health, differentiating between community health, personal health, and public health. It also discusses the history of community health and public health, and lists serious health problems facing communities in the 1990s and early 2000s.
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