History of Blood Transfusion
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Questions and Answers

What was the principal obstacle that needed to be overcome during early blood transfusions?

  • Blood type compatibility
  • Clotting (correct)
  • Infection
  • Temperature control

    • Joseph Lister was the first to use antiseptics during blood transfusions.

    True (A)

    Who discovered the ABO Blood Group system?

    Karl Landsteiner

    The method known as __________ involves sewing the vein of the recipient directly to the artery of the donor.

    <p>anastomosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the year with the corresponding event in blood transfusion history:

    <p>1492 = First documented blood transfusion 1901 = Discovery of the ABO blood group 1907 = Suggestion of crossmatching for safety 1869 = Recommendation of sodium phosphate as an anticoagulant</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of the AHG test, also known as the Coombs test?

    <p>To visualize an Ag-Ab reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The AHG test can be used to detect all types of antibodies equally.

    <p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of blood is considered the universal donor?

    <p>Packed RBCs type O Rh negative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The two subgroups of blood group A are ____ and ____.

    <p>A1, A2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their descriptions:

    <p>AHG test = Visualizes Ag-Ab interactions Universal recipient = Packed RBCs type AB Rh positive Lee-White clotting time = Detects coagulation diseases Direct AHG test = In vivo sensitization</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Flashcards

    AHG Test

    Also known as the Coombs test, it visualizes Ag-Ab reactions indirectly.

    Direct AHG Test

    Identifies in vivo sensitization of red blood cells (RBCs).

    Indirect AHG Test

    Detects in vitro sensitization of antibodies in test tubes.

    Universal Donor

    Type O Rh-negative blood that can be given to any recipient.

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    Universal Recipient

    Type AB Rh-positive blood that can receive from any donor.

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    First recorded blood transfusion

    1492: Pope Innocent VII received blood from three donors, marking the first documented transfusion.

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    Joseph Lister's antiseptics

    In 1867, Joseph Lister used antiseptics like alcohol to prevent infection during blood transfusions.

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    ABO Blood Group discovery

    In 1901, Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system, crucial for safe transfusions.

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    Crossmatching

    In 1907, Ludvig Hektoen proposed crossmatching to enhance transfusion safety by testing blood compatibility.

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    Anastomosis in transfusions

    In 1908, Alexis Carrel developed the anastomosis technique, sewing donor artery to recipient vein to reduce clotting.

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    Study Notes

    Early History of Blood Transfusion

    • 1492: First recorded blood transfusion. Pope Innocent VII received blood from three individuals. "Clotting" was the main problem due to a lack of blood preservation methods.

    19th Century Advancements

    • 1867: English surgeon Joseph Lister introduced antiseptics (alcohol and povidone-iodine) to control infection during transfusions. Donor blood collection was a new concept.

    • 1869: Braxton Hicks pioneered research into non-toxic anticoagulants (sodium phosphate) — a first step towards blood preservation.

    • 1873-1880: US physicians experimented with animal blood transfusions (cow, goat, human) to treat particular illnesses.

    Early 20th Century Breakthroughs

    • 1901: Karl Landsteiner discovered the ABO blood group system. This is a pivotal year for transfusion medicine, explaining reactions from incompatible transfusions; earned him a Nobel Prize.

    • 1902: Von Decastello and Adriano Sturli discovered blood type AB.

    • 1907: Ludvig Hektoen suggested crossmatching to improve transfusion safety.

      • Major crossmatching: Testing patient serum against donor cells.
      • Minor crossmatching: Testing donor serum against patient cells.
      • Autocontrol: Testing patient serum and cells against each other.

    • 1908: Alexis Carrel developed a vein-to-artery anastomosis method for transfusions (sewing veins to arteries), but it was not effective for transfusions. This technique significantly impacted organ transplantation research.

    • 1908: Moreschi described the AHG (Coombs) reaction.

      • AHG test, or Coombs test, visualizes unseen antigen-antibody (Ag-Ab) reactions after washing to remove unbound antibodies. AHG reagent binds to antibodies attached to antigens, revealing the reaction.
      • Direct and Indirect AHG tests are used to detect in vivo(direct) and in vitro (indirect) sensitization. This technique helped assess the presence and nature of antigens and antibodies associated with incomplete or weakly reacting antibodies.

    • 1911: Von Dungern and Hirszfel established two subgroups for blood group A (A1 and A2), crucial for reverse blood typing.

    • 1912: Roger Lee and Paul Dudley White developed the Lee-White clotting time test for measuring coagulation diseases.

      • Lee's research also led to the concept of universal donors (O Rh negative) and universal recipients (AB Rh positive).

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    Explore the fascinating early history and developments in blood transfusion from the first recorded transfusion in 1492 through pivotal breakthroughs in the 19th and early 20th centuries. Discover key figures and innovations that transformed transfusion medicine.

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