Questions and Answers
Who developed a hybrid contact lens consisting of a glass corneal portion and translucent plastic scleral skirt?
What was the trade name of the material polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)?
Who discovered the effect of the lens tear layer which altered the prescribed power of the lens?
What was the name of the company founded in 1947, Stuttgart, that was initially devoted to the advancement of glass, fluid lens scleral contact lenses?
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What was the reason for rejecting the patent of Dennis England's PMMA corneal contact lenses in 1946?
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What was the name of the material produced by Rohm and Haas in the 1930s for the aviation industry?
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Who established that comfort determined the success in wearing contact lenses?
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What was the advantage of blown glass lenses made by FA Muller and Sons?
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Who is considered the 'Father of Contact Lenses'?
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What was Thomas Young's contribution to the development of contact lenses?
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Who recommended the insertion of a 'glass mask' to prevent symblepharon following lime burns of the eye?
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What was Xavier Galezowski's contribution to the development of contact lenses?
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What was the main idea behind Rene Descartes' sketches?
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What did Philip de la Hire attempt to show?
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What was Sir John Herschel's concept?
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What did Leonardo da Vinci sketch?
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Who is credited with devising the first contact lens for keratoconus?
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What was the diameter of Fick's contact lens?
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What did Thomas Lohnstein produce for bilateral keratoconic patients?
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Who replaced glucose solution with normal saline?
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What was the term used by August Muller to describe contact lenses?
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What was the observation made by De Sulzer in 1892?
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What was the criticism made by Elschnig about Fick's contact lenses?
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What was the duration that Thomas Lohnstein's 'water spectacles' could be worn?
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Study Notes
The History of Contact Lenses
- Contact lenses have a long history dating back to the 16th century
- Early contributors such as Leonardo da Vinci, Rene Descartes, and Philip de la Hire explored the concept of contact lenses, but their ideas were not practical or feasible at the time
F.A. Muller and Sons (1887)
- Artificial eye makers in Wiesbaden, Germany
- Fitted a protective glass shell to a patient's eye with partial lid removal
- Made lenses from blown glass with regular curvature and no sharp edges at the corneo-scleral junction
- Designed a lens for ptosis correction
Carl Zeiss of Jena (1911)
- Made lathe-cut lenses from molds
- Lathe cutting resulted in better optical performance
- Introduced the first commercially available trial lenses
- Complete trial set contained 21 lenses, which were afocal
- Fitting determined by fluorescein and white light
Muller-Welt Contact Linsen
- Founded in 1947 in Stuttgart
- Initially devoted to advancing glass and fluid lens scleral contact lenses
- Established laboratories in Toronto and Detroit in 1949
Contact Lens Material Development
- Rohm and Haas (1930s): Produced acrylic resin (Plexiglass) for the aviation industry
- J Crawford and R Hill of ICI (1934): Developed and patented polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA), trade-named as Perspex
PMMA for Scleral Contact Lenses
- Rapidly became the material of choice due to low specific gravity and ease of manufacturing
- Various pioneers, such as William Feinbloom, Ernest Mullen, Theodore Obrig, and Istvan Gyorrfy, contributed to the development of PMMA scleral contact lenses
PMMA for Corneal Contact Lenses
- Dennis England (1946): Patented the first PMMA corneal contact lenses, but was rejected due to concerns about irregular corneal surfaces and corneal clearance
The Early Contributors
- Leonardo da Vinci (1508): Sketches of a schematic eye and descriptions of image formation
- Rene Descartes (1637): Understood the principle of telescope, not contact lenses
- Philip de la Hire (1685): Attempted to show optical phenomena in myopes, not contact lenses
- Thomas Young (1801): Used a water-filled tube to study accommodative processes, but not a contact lens
The Emergence of Contact Lenses
- Sir John Herschel (1845): Postulated the fitting of spherical glass or jelly over the corneal surface, made from an impression of the cornea
- William White Cooper (1859): Recommended the insertion of a ‘glass mask’ to prevent symblepharon following lime burns
- Xavier Galezowski (1886): First person to apply a therapeutic contact device using gelatin squares soaked in mercury chloride
The Pioneering Contact Lens Companies
- Adolf E. Fick (1888): Developed the first practical contact lens, the ‘Contactbrille’, using blown glass shells
- Eugene Kalt (1888): Devised the first contact lens for keratoconus
- August Muller (1889): Used the term ‘Hornhautlinsen’ or contact lens
Other Pioneers
- De Sulzer (1892): Observed that a ‘fluid lens’ acted as an artificial refracting medium
- Henry H Dor (1892): Replaced glucose solution with normal saline
- Thomas Lohnstein (1896): Produced a spectacle with saline-filled lens cups, known as ‘water spectacles’
1896-1912
- Little progress was made in the contact lens field during this period
- Elschnig criticized Fick's contact lenses, citing difficulties in manufacturing, insertion, and mechanical irritation
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Description
This quiz covers the history of artificial eyes and lenses, including milestones achieved by FA Muller and Sons and Carl Zeiss of Jena. Learn about the developments in lens-making techniques and their applications.
