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Questions and Answers
Which artwork was created by Al Manrique in the 1970s?
What year was 'Justice for Aquino, Justice for All' created?
Who is the artist of 'Kahapon, Ngayon at Pangarap'?
Which effigy was created by Glo Gagamba?
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What medium was used for the artwork 'Disposable Dictator'?
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What does the use of the baro’t saya/barong represent in biographical paintings?
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Which materials are highlighted for their significance in 19th-century embroidery?
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Which artist is known for creating works such as 'España y Filipinas' and 'Spoliarium'?
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What does the presence of jewelry in paintings typically imply about the depicted family?
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Which of the following artists is associated with the portraiture style that includes fine details and watercolor techniques?
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Which artist created the work 'Planting Rice'?
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What is the primary focus of protest art according to the Kaisahan Manifesto?
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Who created the 'Bonifacio Monument'?
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What artistic movement is exemplified by the phrase 'art is for the masses'?
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Which work is associated with Vicente Manansala that depicts life post-war?
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Which of the following regions is NOT described in the Boxer work?
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What is the primary purpose of the woodcuts created during the 16th–17th century?
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What common theme is found in Church paintings from this period?
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Who created the Basi Revolt Series, and what was its purpose?
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What influence did Fray Modesto de Castro's publication have on public morals?
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Which artist is associated with the style known as 'Miniaturismo'?
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What does the painting 'Simbahang Miag-ao' symbolize in terms of Philippine baroque architecture?
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What was one significant change in the patronage of the arts during the 19th century?
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Which period in Philippine art history is characterized by the influence of the Spanish Colonial era?
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What is one characteristic of the artistic style during the American Colonial period?
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Which thematic perspective includes aspects such as power relations and colonialism?
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What distinguishes postmodern art in the context of Philippine art history?
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Which of the following is NOT a recognized form of cultural perspective in Philippine art?
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What is the primary focus of art historiography?
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Which of the following is a common function of works of art throughout Philippine history?
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What type of art form emerged during the Postwar period?
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Which characteristic is associated with the thematic perspective on identity formation in art?
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What is the primary role of artists as discussed in the perspectives of Philippine art?
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In relation to Philippine art, which of these historical contexts emphasizes global capitalism?
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Which of the following reflects the interaction of local culture with Western elements in Philippine art history?
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What type of artistic practices are included in the 'New Media' category?
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Which art form is closely tied to the themes of ritual and governance in the cultural perspective?
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Study Notes
Historical Perspective
- Art in the Philippines has undergone a significant evolution, influenced by various historical periods, including pre-conquest, Spanish, American, Japanese occupation, and post-war eras.
- Pre-conquest art forms showcased Austronesian influences.
- The Hispanic Period (1521-1898) saw the advent of Christian influences and Spanish colonial dominance.
- American occupation (1899-1940) introduced new artistic styles and influenced art education.
- The Japanese Occupation (1941-1945) resulted in limitations on artistic expression.
- The Postwar Period (1946-1972) marks the emergence of modern art and the development of distinct Philippine artistic identities.
- The Martial Law Period (1972-1986) saw political and social unrest, leading to protest art and social realism.
- The Republic II (1986-present) period witnessed the rise of contemporary art that reflects the post-colonial and globalized context.
Stylistic Perspective
- Philippine art is categorized by various styles, from pre-colonial roots to contemporary approaches:
- Pre-colonial art: Characterized by animistic, religious, and community-based forms like Manunggul Jars and Maitum Jars.
- Spanish Colonial Art: Embraced Christian religious icons and imagery, often integrated with local materials and techniques. This is evident in church paintings, Simbahang Miag-ao, and Simbahan ng Betis.
- American Colonial/ Japanese Colonial Art: Showcased modernist trends, often infused with Western techniques and themes of nationalism and local identity.
- Modern Art (13 Moderns): Included styles like Classical, Idyllic, Nostalgic, Abstract, Expressionist, Surrealism, Cubism, and Performance art.
- Postmodern or Contemporary Art (Hyper-realist, Neo-expressionist, Neofigurative, Social Realist, Conceptual): Embrace a diverse array of techniques and themes including installation, site-specific art, new media, sound art, and public art.
Thematic Perspective
- Philippine art explores themes related to location, patronage, cultural encounters, modes of exchange, religion, and identity formation.
- Location: Encompasses explorations of land and people, geopolitical spaces, technology, local culture, and town and city settings.
- Patronage: Highlights power relations, state and market influences, colonial practices, and social institutions.
- Encounters and Interventions: Examines trade systems, mass media, commodification, and social media's transformative role.
- Religion and Belief: Focuses on mythology, rituals, folklore, and belief systems.
- Identity Formation: Underlines ethnicity, nationalism, class, race, gender, and diaspora.
Cultural Perspective
- Philippine art is multifaceted, incorporating diverse cultural influences:
- Austronesian/ Indigenous/ Southeast Asian: Draws upon traditional artistic forms, techniques, and symbolism.
- Islamic/ Muslim: Reflects Islamic religious practices and aesthetics.
- Folk/ Lowland/ Catholic: Blends indigenous traditions with colonial Christian influences.
- Fine/ Art World-based: Emphasizes gallery-driven and museum-curated art forms.
- Popular/ Urban/ Mass-Mediated: Reflects mass-produced art, market-oriented trends, and hypermedia.
Key Figures and Works
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Pre-Colonial Era:
- Manunggul Jar: A 9th-7th century BCE earthenware jar representing a funerary practice.
- Maitum Jars: Clay jars from circa 5 BCE to CE 70-370, demonstrating early Indigenous artistry.
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Spanish Colonial Era:
- The Boxer Codex: A 16th-century manuscript that offers insights into pre-Hispanic society and culture.
- Doctrina Christiana (1593): A prayer book that illustrates the didactic function of early woodcut printmaking.
- Church Paintings: Religious artwork featuring images of Heaven, Hell, and Earth, depicting liturgical texts.
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Late 19th/ Early 20th Century:
- Spoliarium (1884) by Juan Luna: A monumental painting symbolizing the plight of Filipinos under Spanish rule.
- España y Filipinas (1886) by Juan Luna: Another work by Luna, depicting the relationship between Spain and the Philippines.
- La Tragedia del Gobernador Fernando de Bustamante y Bustillos (1880s) by Félix Resurrección Hidalgo: A painting that reflects the turmoil of the colonial period.
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Post-World War II & Beyond:
- The Builders (1928) by Victorio Edades: A painting that illustrates modernist trends and the influence of Western styles.
- Brown Madonna (1938) by Galo Ocampo: A painting capturing a spiritual theme.
- Madonna of the Slums (1950) by Vicente Manansala: Artwork that touches upon social issues.
- Barung-barong (1961) by Ang Kiukok: A painting that depicts the living conditions of poverty-stricken Filipinos.
- Bonifacio Mural (1964) by Carlos 'Botong' Francisco: A significant work of social realism.
- Spoliarium ng Ating Panahon (c. 1970) by the Nagkakaisang Progresibong Artista at Arkitekto (NPAA): A protest work inspired by Juan Luna's Spoliarium, showing Filipinos struggling under oppression.
- Ang Tao (1972) and Brown Brothers’ Burden (1972) by BenCab: Works that address social and political issues.
- Krista (Female Christ) (1984) by Pablo Baens Santos: Art reflecting feminist themes.
- Justice for Aquino, Justice for All (1983) by Papo de Asis and Artista ng Bayan (Abay): A protest piece inspired by the assassination of Benigno 'Ninoy' Aquino Jr.
- Erapzilla Effigy (2000) by UgatLahi Collective: A satirical effigy criticizing the government.
- Kalahating Siglo ng Daluyong, 2022 (2022) Oil on Canvas:** A mural showing the impact of a half-century of struggle and protest.
Other Important Points
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Tipos Del País: Early 19th-century paintings that depicted occupations and social hierarchy among Filipinos.
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Letras Y Figuras: A style of portrait painting that emphasized the importance of names and social standing.
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‘Miniaturismo’: A style of painting characterized by fine details and miniature-like representations.
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Protest Art: Artworks that critique social, political, and economic injustices, often appearing in the form of street art, murals, and social realism.
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The influence of popular culture such as Kenkoy comics and Jeepney art highlight the role of mass media and visual representation in Philippine artistic expression.
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The changing roles of artists in society throughout history have reflected shifting socio-political contexts and artistic movements.
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Art historiography, the study of the history of art, provides narratives of art practices in the Philippines, highlighting the relationship between art, culture, and politics.
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Description
Explore the evolution of Philippine art through various historical periods, including pre-conquest, Spanish, American, Japanese occupation, and the post-war era. This quiz will cover significant artistic changes and cultural influences from each period up to the contemporary realm. Test your knowledge on how these periods shaped the unique artistic identity of the Philippines.
