History of Architecture 2

Introdução

• Modernism began between 1850-1950, marking a new era in architecture
• The understanding of materials and their durability was crucial in this period
• Science greatly aided architecture, and the idea of scale began to emerge

Modernidades XIX Parte 1

• The Crystal Palace (1850-51) was a symbol of the new UK's economic order and dynamic
• It was built in less than 6 months and featured a modular isotropic system, cast iron, and glass
• The building's design reflected high functionality and symbolized a new era of economic and societal change

Modernidades XIX Parte 2

• The transformation of Paris in the 1850s was led by Napoleon's dictatorship and the rapid growth of the city
• Georges-Eugène Haussmann's renovation of Paris created a new identity for the city and its structure
• The construction of railways and the demolition of old apartments led to a transformation of the city

Ferro Estrutural

• The use of iron led to new structural typologies and innovations in architecture
• The Polonceau roofing technique exemplified a mix of materials and structures, blending curved glass with thin cast iron structures
• The Britannia Bridge introduced a revolutionary tube system to overcome challenges in bridge construction

Galerie des Machines

• The Galerie des Machines was constructed during the Paris international exhibition and showcased industrial and architectural innovation
• It featured a more subdued atmosphere and was strategically located along main avenues or bustling sites

Piranesi-Ledoux

• Giovanni Battista Piranesi and Claude-Nicholas Ledoux opened the traditional notion of classes
• The Grand Tour was a rite of passage for aristocratic young men, showcasing classical ruins and romantic views
• Venice became a center of printing and theoretical architectural discussions

Early Urbanism

• The United States made a significant contribution to architecture in the second half of the 18th century

• The 1871 Chicago fire led to the evolution of architecture in the US

• The fire led to the development of a new architecture that was pragmatic and liberal, using iron and steel to create structures that could resist fire### City Development and Architecture

• Cities characterized by "chessboard" layout with 3D application, height, and public/private space debates.

• Introduction of steel allows for open space on the ground floor and public use.

• Grid system develops, dividing areas into smaller spaces, leading to vertical growth.

• Liberalism influences city growth and development.

###Technological Advancements

• Otis elevator permits taller buildings with ease.
• Le Baron Jenney focuses on quick, efficient construction, rather than innovative styles.
• Louis Sullivan theorizes skyscraper architecture, emphasizing functionality over form.

Historical Context

• Land Ordinance Act of 1785 introduces geometric segmentation, shaping urban development.
• Illinois-Michigan Canal (1848) and Eire Canal (1853) connect lakes to the Hudson River and Atlantic Sea, facilitating growth and development.
• American Civil War (1861-1865) pits industrial and traditional segments against each other, with industrialism emerging victorious.

Building Systems and Innovations

• Balloon Frame construction: simple, economic, and efficient, with unknown inventor.
• James Bogardus introduces pre-fabricated building techniques from the UK to the US.
• Cast Iron District (SOHO) in New York City showcases ornate facades, simulating European styles.

Influential Figures

• William Le Baron Jenney: engineer and architect who studied building structures and emphasized speed over aesthetics.
• Louis Sullivan: theorized skyscraper architecture, emphasizing function over form.
• Elisha Otis: invented the elevator and showcased its security system, enabling larger buildings.
• James Bogardus: brought pre-fabricated building techniques to the US and worked on industrial buildings.
• Richard Morris Hunt: designed the Tribune Building in New York City (1875).