History of Antibiotics and Chemotherapy
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Questions and Answers

What is the main principle of selective toxicity in chemotherapy?

  • Selectively finding and destroying pathogens without damaging the host (correct)
  • Finding and destroying all types of cells in the body
  • Killing all microbes, including beneficial ones
  • Interfering with the growth of human cells

    • What is the therapeutic index of a medication?

  • The lowest dose of a medication that is effective
  • The highest dose of a medication that can be used
  • The number of microbes killed by a medication
  • The ratio of the lowest dose toxic to a patient to the dose used for therapy (correct)

    • Why are some medications too toxic for systemic use but used topically?

  • They have a narrow spectrum of activity
  • They interfere with essential structures or properties common in human cells (correct)
  • They are not effective against a wide range of pathogens
  • They have a high therapeutic index

    • What is the mechanism of action of penicillin G?

    <p>It interferes with bacterial cell wall synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the characteristic of antimicrobial medications that allows them to selectively target pathogens?

    <p>Their ability to interfere with essential structures or properties common in microbes but not in human cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the use of chemicals to treat a disease?

    <p>Chemotherapy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism by which Gram-negative bacteria are resistant to most β-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Presence of β-lactamase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is Mycobacterium tuberculosis intrinsically resistant to many antibiotics?

    <p>It has a cell waxy structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for microbes that are resistant to large numbers of antibiotics?

    <p>Superbugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary reason for the alarming rise in antimicrobial resistance?

    <p>Increasing use and misuse of antibiotics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the name of the bacteria that is intrinsically resistant to antibiotics and has a new name, Clostridioides difficile?

    <p>Clostridium difficile</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term for the concentration of antibiotic that inhibits the growth of bacteria?

    <p>Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of antibacterial drugs that target cell wall synthesis?

    <p>Interfering with cell wall formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which test is used to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of an antibacterial drug?

    <p>Broth dilution test</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between MIC and MBC?

    <p>MIC is the lowest concentration that inhibits growth, while MBC is the lowest concentration that kills bacteria</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of the zone of inhibition in the disk-diffusion method?

    <p>To determine the susceptibility of the organism to the antibiotic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the advantage of the E-test over the disk-diffusion method?

    <p>It is more convenient to use with anaerobic pathogens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of selective toxicity in antibacterial therapy?

    <p>It allows antibiotics to target specific bacterial processes</p> Signup and view all the answers

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