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Classification of Antibiotics Overview
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Classification of Antibiotics Overview

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@GoldenDivergence

Questions and Answers

Which of the following antibiotics is classified as a broad-spectrum antibiotic?

  • Streptomycin
  • Nystatin
  • Vancomycin
  • Ampicillin (correct)

    • What type of antibiotics do β-lactam antibiotics primarily interfere with during bacterial cell wall synthesis?

  • Peptidoglycan layers
  • Ribosomes
  • Penicillin binding proteins (correct)
  • Lipid membranes

    • Which antibiotic is categorized under glycopeptide antibiotics?

  • Teicoplanin (correct)
  • Kanamycin
  • Erythromycin
  • Ciprofloxacin

    • Which of the following represents a key feature of the β-lactam ring structure?

    <p>Four-membered ring that is highly strained</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following antibiotics is NOT classified as a β-lactam antibiotic?

    <p>Streptomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Among the following, which antibiotic is classified under antifungal agents?

    <p>Griseofulvin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is primarily used as an antitumor agent?

    <p>Puromycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of penicillin binding proteins (PBPs) in bacterial cells?

    <p>Maintaining peptidoglycan structure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary application route for bacitracin due to its nephrotoxic effects?

    <p>Topically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is produced by Streptomyces orchidaceous and primarily used for drug-resistant tuberculosis?

    <p>Cycloserine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of action of cycloserine in inhibiting bacterial cell wall biosynthesis?

    <p>Blocking the incorporation of D-alanine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of protein synthesis inhibitors includes bactericidal agents?

    <p>Aminoglycosides</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tetracyclines are characterized as which type of antibiotics?

    <p>Broad spectrum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What structure characterizes the tetracycline family of antibiotics?

    <p>A tetracyclic ring system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following bacteriostatic agents is not classified under the tetracycline family?

    <p>Clindamycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During what condition is cycloserine especially unstable?

    <p>Acidic pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does an electron withdrawing group have on the amide oxygen's nucleophilicity?

    <p>It decreases the nucleophilicity of the amide oxygen.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the addition of a bulky group near the ring influence β-lactam compounds?

    <p>It confers resistance to β-lactamases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What consequence does adding a polar group to β-lactam structures yield?

    <p>It facilitates passage through the porins of Gram-negative bacteria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true about traditional β-lactamase inhibitors?

    <p>They resemble β-lactam molecules but have weak antibacterial action.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of β-lactamase enzymes?

    <p>To accelerate the degradation of β-lactam antibiotics.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which β-lactamase generating bacteria types are most affected by traditional β-lactamase inhibitors?

    <p>Staphylococcus aureus, Hemophilus influenza, and Enterobacteriaceae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the carbonyl on the β-lactam ring play in penicillin structure?

    <p>It is essential for structural integrity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements accurately describes Avibactam?

    <p>It is recently approved and offers robust action against β-lactamases.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which group of antibiotics is classified under β-lactams?

    <p>Penicillins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism of action of β-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Inhibit cell wall synthesis by binding to penicillin-binding proteins</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common structural feature of all penicillins?

    <p>A bicyclic system made up of a 4-membered β-lactam ring and a 5-membered thiazolidine ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which amino acids are involved in the derivation of the penam skeleton in penicillins?

    <p>L-cysteine and L-valine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of transpeptidase in bacterial cell wall synthesis?

    <p>To facilitate transpeptidation during peptidoglycan synthesis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of β-lactam antibiotics related to their stability?

    <p>They possess a highly unstable 4-membered β-lactam ring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which antibiotic is derived from Penicillium molds?

    <p>Amoxicillin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What results from the inhibition of penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) by β-lactam antibiotics?

    <p>Inhibition of cell wall synthesis results in cell death</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following aminoglycosides is NOT mentioned as having resistant strains that have emerged?

    <p>Neomycin</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of enzymes are primarily responsible for deactivating aminoglycosides?

    <p>Aminoglycoside deactivating enzymes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following modifications to kanamycin B decreases its antibacterial activity?

    <p>Exchanging 6`-NH2 with a hydroxyl group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modification does NOT result in decreased antibacterial activity but increases resistance against Phosphotransferases?

    <p>Omitting the 3`-OH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following groups on ring I is crucial for broad-spectrum antibacterial activity?

    <p>2`-NH2</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of methylation at the C-6` position of aminoglycosides?

    <p>Increases resistance against AAC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aminoglycoside modification is known to improve resistance against aminoglycoside deactivating enzymes?

    <p>Omitting the 3<code>,4</code>-OH groups</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aminoglycoside structure alteration involves the adenylation of a hydroxyl group?

    <p>ANT modifications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Classification of Antibiotics

    • Activity-Based Classification

      • Gram Positive: Penicillins, erythromycin, bacitracin
      • Gram Negative: Polymyxin, colistin
      • Broad Spectrum: Ampicillin, chloramphenicol, tetracyclines, cephalosporins
      • Antitubercular: Streptomycin, cycloserine
      • Antifungal: Griseofulvin, nystatin
      • Antitumor: Puromycin, dactinomycin

    • Chemical Structure-Based Classification

      • β-Lactam: Penicillins, cephalosporins, monobactams, carbapenems
      • Aminoglycosides: Streptomycin, kanamycin, neomycin
      • Fused Rings: Tetracyclines, griseofulvin
      • Macrolide: Erythromycin, oleandomycin
      • Polypeptide: Actinomycin, bacitracin, polymyxin
      • Polyene: Nystatin, amphotericin B
      • Unclassified: Chloramphenicol, cycloserine

    β-Lactam Antibiotics

    • Structure

      • Consist of a four-membered β-lactam ring fused with a five- or six-membered heterocyclic ring.
      • Monobactams are an exception, lacking the fused ring structure.

    • Mechanism of Action

      • Interact with penicillin-binding proteins (PBPs) essential for peptidoglycan synthesis.
      • Inhibition of PBPs results in disrupted cell wall synthesis and bacterial cell death.

    Penicillins

    • Originally derived from Penicillium molds, with both biosynthetic and synthetic options.
    • Benzyl penicillin (penicillin G) is the primary representative derived from P. notatum.
    • Characterized by a bicyclic structure; the penam skeleton is vital for antibiotic activity.

    β-Lactamase Inhibitors

    • Inactivate β-lactamases, preventing degradation of β-lactam antibiotics.
    • Traditional inhibitors include clavulanic acid, sulbactam, and tazobactam.
    • Effectively target β-lactamases produced by staphylococci and some gram-negative bacteria.

    Cycloserine

    • Antibiotic produced by Streptomyces orchidaceous, primarily used for resistant tuberculosis.
    • Functions by mimicking D-alanine and inhibiting its incorporation into peptidoglycan.

    Bacterial Protein Synthesis Inhibitors

    • Impede protein synthesis by binding to ribosomes.
    • Classified into Bacteriostatic (chloramphenicol, macrolides, clindamycin, tetracyclines) and Bactericidal (aminoglycosides).

    Tetracyclines

    • Broad-spectrum antibiotics, derived from Streptomyces species or semisynthetically.
    • Feature octahydronaphthacene structure with a tetracyclic system.

    Aminoglycosides

    • Resistance is emerging due to "R-factor mediated enzymes," affecting streptomycin, kanamycin, and gentamycin efficacy.
    • Key resistance enzymes include acetyl transferases (AAC), phosphotransferases (APH), and nucleotidyl transferases (ANT).
    • Modifying specific hydroxyl or amino groups impacts their antibacterial activity and resistance profiles.

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    Description

    This quiz focuses on the classification of antibiotics based on their activity against various types of bacteria and other pathogens. You'll explore categories such as Gram-positive, Gram-negative, broad-spectrum antibiotics, and those used for antifungal or antitumor purposes. Test your knowledge on the specific types and their uses.

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