History Module 1: Meaning and Relevance

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Questions and Answers

What often characterizes the perspective of non-historians regarding the past?

They analyze historical records critically.

They typically focus on detailed developments.

They believe history is exclusively a story of progress. (correct)

They understand the biases of historical sources.

What is a primary difference between historians and non-historians when it comes to source evaluation?

Non-historians only consider primary sources.

Historians recognize the limitations of all sources. (correct)

Historians accept all sources as equally valid.

Non-historians critically assess the biases of historical sources.

Which of the following best describes the role of historians?

They aim to place historical events in a contemporary context. (correct)

They document history without considering different perspectives.

They create fictional narratives about the past.

They are focused on identifying absolute truths in history.

What does the Greek word 'Historia' signify?

Knowledge acquired through investigation. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement is true regarding non-historians’ view of time periods?

They often view time periods as fixed and absolute. Signup and view all the answers

What type of historical sources do historians utilize?

A variety of sources, including material objects and oral accounts. Signup and view all the answers

Who is regarded as the 'Father of History'?

Herodotus Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of history do historians typically emphasize in contrast to non-historians?

Specific, detailed developments within historical contexts. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event did Corazon Aquino's speech in September 1986 address?

The EDSA Revolution Signup and view all the answers

Who was primarily responsible for declaring Martial Law in the Philippines?

Ferdinand Marcos Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following events occurred after the assassination of Ninoy Aquino in 1983?

Snap Election Signup and view all the answers

Which historical figure is recognized as the 'Supremo of the Katipunan'?

Andres Bonifacio Signup and view all the answers

What subject of debate is associated with the site said to have hosted the First Mass in the Philippines?

Whether it took place in Butuan or Limasawa Signup and view all the answers

Which document claims that the First Mass was celebrated by an Italian priest in Bolinao, Pangasinan in 1324?

Documents compiled by Emma Helen Blair Signup and view all the answers

Who chronicled Magellan's voyage and is known to have noted the date of the First mass?

Antonio Pigafetta Signup and view all the answers

In what situation should the Philippine Flag's red field be flown at the top?

During periods of war Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with writing the Proclamation of Philippine Independence?

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista Signup and view all the answers

What percentage of politicians in the Philippines are involved in political dynasties, according to studies mentioned?

50-70% Signup and view all the answers

Which individual was known as the 'brains of the Katipunan'?

Emilio Jacinto Signup and view all the answers

What was a major consequence of Corazon Aquino’s speech before the U.S. Congress?

It ended in a standing ovation and highlighted democratic ideals Signup and view all the answers

What historical significance does the 1872 monument in Butuan represent?

First mass site Signup and view all the answers

What historical event is associated with the date June 12, 1898?

Proclamation of Philippine Independence Signup and view all the answers

What does the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines state about political dynasties?

They are prohibited as defined by law Signup and view all the answers

What was the result of Ferdinand Marcos' signing of Proclamation No. 1081?

Commencement of Martial Law Signup and view all the answers

Which revolution is known as the world’s first bloodless/nonviolent revolution?

People Power Revolution Signup and view all the answers

Corazon Aquino’s speech in 1986 emphasized which aspect of governance for the Philippines?

The establishment of a new democratic government Signup and view all the answers

What did Ninoy Aquino's assassination catalyze in the Philippines?

The People Power Revolution Signup and view all the answers

What was the approximate percentage of legislators aged 26-40 who are part of political dynasties?

70% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of history as a discipline?

Understanding human societies and their behavior Signup and view all the answers

Which statement differentiates historiography from history?

Historiography focuses on the philosophy and methods of history itself. Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential reason that makes history important?

It contributes to our understanding of moral values. Signup and view all the answers

What type of sources includes original interviews and artifacts?

Primary sources Signup and view all the answers

Which component is NOT part of external criticism when analyzing historical sources?

Assessing the author's point of view Signup and view all the answers

What is a key aspect of internal criticism in analyzing historical documents?

Evaluating the truthfulness of the content Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following criteria is NOT used when analyzing historical sources?

Reliability Signup and view all the answers

What does historical context refer to?

The political, religious, and economic factors during an occurrence Signup and view all the answers

What was the main concern of post-colonialism in historical writing?

To achieve a narrative free from colonial influences Signup and view all the answers

Which methodology emphasizes gathering empirical and observable evidence?

Positivism Signup and view all the answers

How do historians utilize historical evidence?

To interpret facts and organize them chronologically Signup and view all the answers

When assessing the credibility of a source, what is NOT a concern for historians?

Popularity of the author in contemporary culture Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'anachronism' refer to in historical analysis?

An error in chronological placement of events Signup and view all the answers

What significant event is marked by March 31, 1521?

The first Mass in the Philippines Signup and view all the answers

Which island did Magellan name the Islands of Saint Lazarus?

Mazaua Signup and view all the answers

Who officiated the first Mass in the Philippines?

Father Pedro Valderrama Signup and view all the answers

What was the reason for the failure of the Cavite Mutiny?

Unexpected celebration causing miscommunication Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'GOMBURZA' refer to?

Three martyred Filipino priests Signup and view all the answers

Who was the leader of the 200 soldiers during the Cavite Mutiny?

Sergeant Lamadrid Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of Father Jose Burgos in the events leading to the Cavite Mutiny?

He was a priest advocating for secularization Signup and view all the answers

What does 'mutiny' mean in the context of the Cavite Mutiny?

To revolt against authority Signup and view all the answers

What did the Philippine Congress affirm about Limasawa?

It was the site of the first Mass in the Philippines Signup and view all the answers

What was one claim made by the Spanish historians regarding the Cavite Mutiny?

It was a coordinated effort by the native priests Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred on February 17, 1872?

The execution of the GOMBURZA priests Signup and view all the answers

Which river is notably absent in Pigafetta’s account of Butuan?

Agusan River Signup and view all the answers

What led to the execution of the GOMBURZA priests?

The Spanish government’s fear of their influence Signup and view all the answers

What mistake did the soldiers from Cavite make during their mutiny?

They misidentified their allies Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the friars showcasing the Cavite Mutiny?

To consolidate their power and present it as a conspiracy Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following documents purportedly claims that Rizal recanted his writings against the friars?

A document signed shortly before his execution Signup and view all the answers

Who was the only eyewitness of the writing of Rizal's retraction document?

Father Vicente Balaguer Signup and view all the answers

Which event marks the start of the Philippine Revolution against Spain?

The Cry of Balintawak Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did Andres Bonifacio take during the Cry of Balintawak?

He tore his cedula in front of the Katipuneros Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Cuerpo de Vigilancia during the lead-up to the revolution?

To monitor revolutionary activities Signup and view all the answers

How did Rizal's retraction document impact his legacy according to many historians?

It further solidified his status as a martyr for independence Signup and view all the answers

What does the monument at the intersection of EDSA and Andres Bonifacio Drive commemorate?

The heroes of the Philippine Revolution in 1896 Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the primary purposes for writing Pigafetta's journal during the voyage?

To gather knowledge on nautical technology and cartography. Signup and view all the answers

Which historian emphasized the significance of the Cry of Balintawak?

Teodoro Agoncillo Signup and view all the answers

What did the gathering on August 26, 1896, in Balintawak discuss?

The date for the uprising against Spain Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the timing of Pigafetta’s account publication?

It was published during a period of European colonization. Signup and view all the answers

How did Pigafetta’s background influence his descriptions of the Filipinos?

He viewed them through a European lens, leading to biases. Signup and view all the answers

When did Jose Rizal allegedly wake up to write and sign his retraction?

December 29, 1896 Signup and view all the answers

Which location is claimed as the first place of refuge for Andres Bonifacio and other revolutionaries?

Pugad Lawin Signup and view all the answers

What role did Enrique play during the expedition?

He served as a translator for Magellan. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the unique aspects of the islands encountered during the expedition?

They had established trade practices among the islands. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary claim of the Cavite Mutiny according to the friars?

It was an organized conspiracy against the Spanish Government Signup and view all the answers

Which event did not occur during Pigafetta's account of the expedition?

The conversion of all natives to Christianity. Signup and view all the answers

What phrase is associated with the revolutionary fervor ignited during the Cry of Balintawak?

Revolt! Signup and view all the answers

Which ship was NOT part of the expedition that Pigafetta documented?

Santa María Signup and view all the answers

What possible influences could have affected Pigafetta's writings about indigenous people?

The religious beliefs of his culture. Signup and view all the answers

What was NOT a reason for Magellan's exploration?

To prove the earth was flat. Signup and view all the answers

Which manuscript of Pigafetta's account has survived?

One in Italian and three in French. Signup and view all the answers

What term did Magellan's crew use for the initial point of contact with the Philippines?

Aquada da li buoni Segnialli Signup and view all the answers

Which significant event occurred after Pigafetta documented Magellan’s interactions in the Philippines?

The betrayal by Rajah Humabon. Signup and view all the answers

Why is Pigafetta’s narrative considered an important primary source?

It captures accurate ethnographic and geographical details. Signup and view all the answers

What misconception about the world did Magellan aim to address during his voyage?

The world was flat and dangerous to sail across. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Katipunan?

To unite Filipinos for independence from Spain Signup and view all the answers

Who founded the Secret Revolutionary Society KKK?

Andres Bonifacio Signup and view all the answers

What does the acronym KKK stand for?

Kataas-taasan Kagalang-galangan Katipunan ng mga Anak ng Bayan Signup and view all the answers

Which document served as a guide for the conduct and duties of Katipunan members?

Kartilya ng Katipunan Signup and view all the answers

What event took place on June 12, 1898, in relation to Philippine independence?

The proclamation of Philippine independence Signup and view all the answers

Who unfurled the Philippine flag during the declaration of independence?

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista Signup and view all the answers

What did the Kartilya ng Katipunan primarily address?

The conduct and values of Katipuneros Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an emblem of the Philippine flag?

Golden Ring Signup and view all the answers

What was one reason the Philippine Declaration of Independence was not recognized at the time?

The U.S. or Spain did not recognize it Signup and view all the answers

What significant event is associated with the term 'GOMBURZA'?

Execution of three priests leading to revolts Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a prominent member of the Katipunan known as the 'Brains of the Katipunan'?

Emilio Jacinto Signup and view all the answers

What significant event did the Treaty of Paris result from?

The end of the Spanish-American War Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the first unfurling of the Philippine flag?

It was fabricated in Hong Kong Signup and view all the answers

What does the presence of the three stars on the Philippine flag symbolize?

The provinces of Luzon, Mindanao, and Panay Signup and view all the answers

Which group within the Katipunan was led by Baldomero Aguinaldo?

Magdalo Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary significance of August 23, 1896?

It was recognized as the day of the Cry for Liberty against Spanish rule. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following accounts correctly places the 'Cry' in a historically recognized event?

Gregoria de Jesus's autobiography. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key restriction during the presidential elections in the Tejeros Convention?

Only Katipuneros were allowed to participate. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato?

It was a provisional constitution modeled after the Cuban Constitution. Signup and view all the answers

What important provision was included in the Malolos Constitution?

It created a government with three distinct branches. Signup and view all the answers

Which document was a direct rejection of the Tejeros Convention results?

Acta de Tejeros. Signup and view all the answers

Why was the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato never fully implemented?

A truce was signed between the Spanish and Philippine Revolutionary Army. Signup and view all the answers

What does the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines represent?

The current constitution in force today. Signup and view all the answers

Who presided over the first presidential elections in Philippine history?

Emilio Aguinaldo. Signup and view all the answers

Which council was established under the Republic of Biak-na-Bato to oversee justice?

Consejo Supremo de Gracia Y Justicia. Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred on March 22, 1897?

The Tejeros Convention was held. Signup and view all the answers

What was Andres Bonifacio's stance on the Tejeros Convention?

He rejected the convention proceedings. Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the Malolos Constitution was notable regarding its government structure?

It established a responsible government to the Assembly. Signup and view all the answers

In what manner did Emilio Aguinaldo and fellow revolutionaries benefit from the Pact of Biak-na-Bato?

They were granted amnesty and monetary indemnity. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Preamble of the Malolos Constitution emphasize?

The divine support for the cause of freedom. Signup and view all the answers

What significant change occurred in the powers of the presidency under the amended 1940 Constitution?

The president was given veto power on legislative bills. Signup and view all the answers

What was the main function of the General Auditing Office established by the Constitution?

To conduct audits on government finances. Signup and view all the answers

What principle was adopted regarding land ownership according to the Constitution?

The Regalian Doctrine was adopted. Signup and view all the answers

Which amendment changed the term limits of the president under the 1940 Constitution?

The 1940 Amendment Signup and view all the answers

What type of government was established under the 1973 Constitution?

A parliamentary government. Signup and view all the answers

What major action did Ferdinand Marcos take when he declared Martial Law?

He concentrated all state authority in himself. Signup and view all the answers

Which body was created to replace the Congress as outlined in the 1973 Constitution?

The National Assembly. Signup and view all the answers

Which constitutional change occurred to allow the indefinite extension of presidential power?

Amendments were made during Martial Law. Signup and view all the answers

Why was the ratification of the 1973 Constitution questioned?

It was proclaimed by a dictator. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of having a system of checks and balances in government?

To prevent any one branch from becoming too powerful. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the 1934 Philippine Independence Act?

To set parameters for creating a constitution for the Philippines Signup and view all the answers

Which document was rejected by Quezon and others in 1933?

Hare-Hawes-Cutting Bill Signup and view all the answers

What voting rights were established in the 1935 Constitution?

Suffrage granted to male citizens who are 21 years and able to read and write Signup and view all the answers

What major change did the 1940 amendment make to the Philippine legislative structure?

Changed it from a unicameral assembly to a bicameral congress Signup and view all the answers

What event led to a disruption in the transition of the Philippines to self-government?

The Japanese Invasion Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of the Philippine Organic Act of 1902?

To provide a framework for civil governance and the establishment of the Assembly Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the phrase 'Regalian Doctrine' in the 1935 Constitution?

It endorses state ownership of natural resources Signup and view all the answers

What was included in the provisions of the 1935 Constitution?

Defined the powers and responsibilities of the three branches of government Signup and view all the answers

Which act first pledged Philippine independence during U.S. administration?

Philippine Autonomy Act Signup and view all the answers

Which date marks the full effect of the 1935 Constitution?

November 15, 1935 Signup and view all the answers

What was the main outcome of the Tydings-McDuffie Act?

Setting a date of July 4 for Philippine independence after a 10-year Commonwealth Signup and view all the answers

What is the required percentage of registered voters for a People's Initiative to amend the Philippine Constitution?

12% Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary objective of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Extension with Reforms (CARPER)?

To improve equality and productivity in rural areas. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant change made to presidential term limits in the 1940 amendment?

Term changed from six years with no reelection to four years with reelection Signup and view all the answers

What significant challenge has hampered the effectiveness of agrarian reform in the Philippines?

A powerful landed elite. Signup and view all the answers

How many hectares of land were distributed under CARPER from 2009 to 2014?

1 million hectares. Signup and view all the answers

What was a directive given by President Rodrigo Roa Duterte regarding agrarian reform?

To award undistributed lands to landless farmers. Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of the Agrarian Production Credit Program (APCP)?

To provide credit support to agrarian reform beneficiaries. Signup and view all the answers

What system was introduced to assist in the faster resolution of agrarian reform cases?

Legal Case Monitoring System. Signup and view all the answers

Which initiative was designed to support the connectivity and economic services in agrarian reform communities?

Agrarian Reform Community Connectivity and Economic Support Services. Signup and view all the answers

What does CARP stand for?

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program. Signup and view all the answers

What did Benigno Aquino III promise to accomplish regarding the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program?

To finish it before the end of his term. Signup and view all the answers

What kind of task force did DAR establish to address corruption?

Anti-Corruption Task Force. Signup and view all the answers

What significant action did Amendment No. 6 allow Marcos to retain after Martial Law was lifted?

Legislative power Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the Batasang Pambansa during Marcos' rule?

A rubber-stamp legislature Signup and view all the answers

What was one way Marcos suppressed dissent during his rule?

Mysterious disappearances Signup and view all the answers

What was a primary aim of the 1973 Constitution in the Philippines?

To transition to a parliamentary system Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following was a consequence of Martial Law in the Philippines?

Closure of public utility companies Signup and view all the answers

What system did the Americans establish for land registration during their period?

Torrens System Signup and view all the answers

What concept empowered Encomienderos during the Spanish period?

Royal Land Grants Signup and view all the answers

What was a prominent theme of the social justice program espoused by Manuel L. Quezon?

Mitigating social unrest Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of Commonwealth Act No. 178 during the Commonwealth period?

To control landlord-tenant relationships Signup and view all the answers

What major issue worsened land tenure in the Philippines during the American period?

Lack of affordable registration options Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Hukbalahap play during the Japanese occupation?

Anti-Japanese resistance group Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the agrarian reforms aimed at during the Philippine Republic?

Improving the relationship between production and distribution Signup and view all the answers

Which significant aspect of the 1987 Constitution deals with human rights?

Bill of Rights Signup and view all the answers

Which act aimed to regulate relations between landlords and tenants during the American period?

Tenancy Act of 1933 Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following acts created the National Resettlement and Rehabilitation Administration?

Republic Act No. 1160 Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary focus of the Agricultural Land Reform Code of 1963?

To abolish shared tenancy and institutionalize leasehold Signup and view all the answers

Which Republic Act established the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law?

Republic Act No. 6657 Signup and view all the answers

What did Executive Order No. 229 provide for?

A mechanism for implementing the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true about Republic Act No. 6389?

It created the Department of Agrarian Reform. Signup and view all the answers

What did Presidential Decree No. 27 restrict?

The amount of land that can be retained by landowners Signup and view all the answers

Which act focused on the agricultural and fisheries modernization?

Republic Act No. 8435 Signup and view all the answers

What was the aim of Executive Order No. 151?

To consolidate small farm operations Signup and view all the answers

What significant change did Republic Act No. 3844 introduce?

It institutionalized leasehold arrangements. Signup and view all the answers

Which program was considered a centerpiece of President Aquino's administration?

Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program Signup and view all the answers

What principle did the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Law (CARL) primarily advocate?

Comprehensive rural development and agrarian reform Signup and view all the answers

Which of these Presidential Decrees created a land reform program in the Philippines?

Presidential Decree No. 2 and 27 Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Agrarian Reform Coordinating Council play?

Coordination among agrarian reform agencies Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of Republic Act No. 7906?

It provided additional funding for CARP. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Module 1: Meaning and Relevance of History

History is the study of change over time, encompassing all aspects of human society.
Non-historians often rely on media and readily available information, accepting sources uncritically, and may romanticize or oversimplify the past, believing "things were always this way."
Historians recognize biases, omissions, and contradictions in historical sources, and critically analyze them.
Historical understanding evolves; methodology and philosophies change over time.
Historians use various methods to organize history chronologically and thematically, using diverse sources including written records, material objects, oral accounts, ecological markers, art, and artifacts.
Herodotus and Thucydides are key figures in the development of historical study, with Herodotus focusing on culture and Thucydides on military matters.
History is a science, focusing on understanding human societies within their own context.

Module 2: Analysis of Primary Source (First Voyage Around the World)

Antonio Pigafetta, a Venetian scholar, chronicled Magellan's voyage with accuracy and detail.
Magellan's voyage aimed at finding a western trade route to the Moluccas, and proving the world is round.
The first contact between Spaniards and Filipinos occurred in Homonhon on March 18, 1521.
Magellan's expedition arrived at Mazaua (Limasawa) on April 1, 1521, where a mass was held.
Magellan formed a blood compact with Rajah Humabon of Cebu on April 15, 1521.
Magellan was killed in the Battle of Mactan on April 27, 1521.
Pigafetta's account offers insights into pre-colonial Filipino culture, society, and religion, showcasing their interactions and commerce.
Pigafetta's account reflects biases of the time, relating to European cultural dominance.

Module 3: Analysis of Primary Source (Katipunan at ang Kartilya ng Katipunan)

The Katipunan, founded in 1892, was a secret society aiming for Philippine independence from Spain.
It was led by Andres Bonifacio and had approximately 20,000 members.
Emilio Jacinto wrote the Kartilya ng Katipunan, a code of conduct for Katipuneros.
The Kartilya emphasized moral and ethical principles for members, guiding their behavior towards themselves and others.

Module 4: Analysis of Primary Source (Proclamation of Philippine Independence)

The Philippine Declaration of Independence was proclaimed in Kawit, Cavite on June 12, 1898.
Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista read the declaration in Spanish.
The declaration outlined the reasons for the revolution against Spain, and highlighted events like Rizal's execution and the GOMBURZA incident.
The event included unfurling the Philippine flag, introduced in 1898.
It was not recognized by the US or Spain, who, in the Treaty of Paris, transferred Philippine sovereignty to the US.

Module 5: Historical Events Using Primary Sources (Philippine Caricature and Speech of Corazon Aquino)

Philippine political cartoons during the American colonial period reflected societal attitudes.
Political dynasties are prevalent in Philippine politics, with significant numbers of politicians having family ties within previous terms.
Corazon Aquino’s speech to the US Congress, following the EDSA revolution of 1986, was a defining moment.
Her speech highlighted Ninoy Aquino's character and the goals of the new democratic government.
Corazon Aquino addressed the significant debt left by the previous administration.

Module 7: Conflict and Controversies (Site of the First Mass & Cavite Mutiny)

There's dispute over the exact location of the first mass in the Philippines.
Limasawa Island is widely considered the location, while other perspectives point to Butuan.
The Cavite Mutiny of 1872, an uprising against Spanish authorities, resulted in the execution of Gomburza (Fathers Gomez, Burgos, and Zamora).
Different accounts of the mutiny exist, with varying interpretations.

Module 8: Conflict and Controversies (Retraction of Rizal and Cry of Balintawak)

Rizal's alleged retraction is a highly debated historical issue.
Eyewitness accounts and documents support or deny Rizal's supposed retraction.
The Cry of the Rebellion marked the start of the Filipino revolution against Spain in 1896.
The exact date and location(s) of the cry are subject to multiple interpretations.

Module 9: The Evolution of Philippine Constitutions (1897 and 1899)

The Biak-na-Bato Constitution was the first Philippine constitution.
The Malolos Constitution, adopted in 1899, enshrined a republican form of government for the newly declared Philippine Republic, with separate executive, legislative, and judicial branches.

Module 10: The Evolution of Philippine Constitutions (1935 and 1943)

The 1935 Philippine Constitution established the Commonwealth Government, and introduced a bicameral legislature.
The 1973 Constitution, drafted under Martial Law, shifted to a modified parliamentary form of government.
Ferdinand Marcos's use of amending the constitution enabled him to maintain power, eliminating checks and balances.

Module 13: The 1987 Philippine Constitution (Bill of Rights)

Module 14: The 1987 Philippine Constitution (Citizenship)

Module 15: The 1987 Philippine Constitution (Suffrage)

Module 16: Agrarian Land Reforms

Land reform policies have been ongoing and varied throughout Philippine history, reflecting the ongoing struggle over land ownership and agricultural issues.
Throughout the different periods, historical account reveals struggles between farmers and landlords.
The US introduced land registration but didn't solve the underlying issues.
The Japanese occupation saw shifts in land ownership.
Later presidents implemented various laws and policies addressing land ownership and tenant rights.
The aim has been to improve equality, productivity, and growth in rural areas.
Resistance from powerful land elites and issues within the bureaucracy continue to challenge implementation.

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Explore the foundational concepts of history, including its significance and the critical methods historians use. Understand how historical understanding evolves and the role of key figures like Herodotus and Thucydides in shaping historical study. This quiz encourages a deeper appreciation of the complexities of human societies over time.