History Methods and Importance

Two Ways of Learning History

• Traditional Understanding: Chronological record of significant events
• New Understanding: Knowledge acquired through inquiry and investigation, including oral traditions, artifacts, and memory

Historiography

• The history of history
• Study of the methods historians use to develop history
• Critical examination of sources, selection of details, and authenticity

Importance of History

• Unite a nation
• Legitimize regimes and forge a sense of collective identity
• Make sense of the present
• Avoid repeating past mistakes
• Inspire people to continue good practices

Two Types of Sources

• Primary Source: Produced at the same time as the event, documents or artifacts created by a witness, first-hand testimony (diaries, interviews, articles)
• Secondary Source: Produced by authors who used primary sources, analyze scholarly questions, often use primary sources (books, articles)

Internal and External Criticism

• External Criticism: Verifies authenticity by examining physical characteristics (when, where, author, survival, materials, language consistency, authenticity)
• Internal Criticism: Examines the truthfulness and factuality of the evidence, looks at content and circumstances of production (eyewitness or second-hand account, reason for writing, consistency, connotations, literal meaning, contextual meaning)

Marcelo H. Del Pilar

• Wrote parodies of "Ama Namin" (Our Father) and "Aba Ginoong Maria" (Hail Mary)

Rizal's "Sa aking mga kabata"

• Not written by Rizal

Content Analysis

• Systematic evaluation of a primary source to develop an argument based on understanding of evidence

Contextual Analysis

• Considers the time, place, and situation when the primary source was written
• Includes author's background, authority on the subject, intent, and relevance to people and society today

Background of the Event

• Refers to what was happening at the time the source was written or created

Background of the Author

• Basic information about the author: profession, age, location

Type of Source

• Type of source helps determine why it was made (diary, news article, report, speech, painting)

Katipunan

• Kataastaasang, Kagalanggalangang, Katipunan ng mga anak ng bayan (KKK)
• A secret society founded by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892
• Aimed to liberate the Philippines from Spain
• Established after the arrest of Dr. Jose Rizal

Emilio Jacinto

• Known as the soul and brain of the Katipunan
• Pen name: Dimas-ilaw
• Born in Manila on December 15, 1875
• Parents: Mariano Jacinto and Josefa Dizon
• Wrote the society's paper, "Kalayaan"
• Led the fight for Filipino independence from Spain

Objectives of Katipunan

• Political: Separation of the Philippines from Spain
• Moral: Good manners, hygiene, good morals, attacking obscurantism, religious fanaticism, and weakness of character
• Civic: Self-help, defense of the poor and oppressed

Kartilya ng Katipunan

• 14 paragraphs outlining values a Katipunero should have
• Embodied moral and nationalistic principles for all Filipinos

MGA GUNITA NG HIMAGSIKAN

• Memoir of Emilio Aguinaldo written based on a diary, preserved documents, and family lore
• Two volumes, covering Aguinaldo's birth, early life, and participation in the revolution
• Accounts include the arrival of Supremo Bonifacio in San Francisco de Malabon
• Discusses differences between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions of the Katipunan
• Written in Tagalog between 1928 and 1946, providing information about Filipino revolutionaries' battles with the Spaniards

Emilio Aguinaldo

• Born on March 22, 1869, in Cavite el Viejo (now Kawit)
• Attended San Juan de Letran College
• Cabeza de Barangay (1895)
• First Gobernadorcillo (Capitan Municipal) of Cavite el Viejo at the age of 25
• Joined the Katipunan (March 7, 1895), affiliated with the "Magdalo" faction

Battles Won by Aguinaldo

• Battle of Imus (August 1896)
• Battle of Binakayan-Dalahikan (November 1896) - First major victory
• Battle of Zapote Bridge (February 1897)
• Spanish Cavite offensive and Battle of Perez Dasmariñas

"Chapter 28: My Bloodiest Fight"

• Filipino revolutionaries defeated Spanish troops in Cavite under Aguinaldo's command
• Liberation of the entire province of Cavite from the Spaniards

"Chapter 30: Magdiwang Council Reorganized"

• Magdiwang Leaders:

  • Mariano Alvarez - President
  • Lorenzo Fenoy - Vice President for Batangas
  • Pascual Alvarez - Minister of the Interior
  • Ariston Villanueva - Minister of War
  • Ananias Diokno - Vice Minister of War of Batangas
  • Mariano Trias - Minister of Welfare and Justice
  • Emiliano Riego de Dios - Minister of Economic Development
  • Diego Mojica - Minister of Finance
  • Santiago V. Alvarez - Captain
  • General Artemio Ricarte-Assistant Captain General
  • Miguel Malvar-Assistant Captain General for Batangas
  • Mariano Riego de Dios - General, Cavite Division
  • Paciano Rizal - General, Batangas Division

• Magdalo Leaders:

  • Baldomero Aguinaldo - President
  • Edilberto Evangelista - Vice President
  • Candido Tirona - Secretary of War
  • Felix Cuenca - Secretary of Interior
  • Glicerio Topacio - Secretary of Public Works
  • Cayetano Topacio - Secretary of Finance
  • Emilio Aguinaldo - Flag Officer

Andres Bonifacio's Intervention

• Bonifacio went to Cavite in 1897 to mediate between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions

"Chapter 38: My Election to the Presidency"

• Aguinaldo was elected President of the new revolutionary government on March 22, 1897, at Pasong Santol in Dasmariñas
• Persuaded by his brother, General Crispulo Aguinaldo, to go to Tejeros to take his oath of office
• Aguinaldo, Trias, and Riego de Dios took their oaths of office at 7:00 PM

Acta de Tejeros

• The document recording the election on March 23, 1897

"Chapter 42: Military Court"

• Charges against the Bonifacio brothers (Andres and Procopio):
  • Treason (Pagtataksil)
  • Sedition (Sedisyon)

"Chapter 44: Death of the Bonifacio Brothers" (May 10, 1897, Mt. Buntis, Maragondon Cavite)

• Found guilty and sentenced to death
• Aguinaldo commuted the sentence to banishment
• Generals Pio del Pilar and Mariano Noriel persuaded Aguinaldo to impose the original sentence