History Grade 10: Ethiopia's Developments (1850-1941)
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Questions and Answers

What is a key disadvantage faced by cottage industries in Ethiopia when competing with factory-based manufacturers?

  • Higher production costs due to labor-intensive processes (correct)
  • Limited product diversity compared to factories
  • Strong international market presence
  • Access to advanced technology for production

Which of the following is NOT considered a common cottage industry in Ethiopia?

  • Metal working
  • Electronics assembly (correct)
  • Basket making
  • Pottery

What role did artisans and craftsmen play in Ethiopian society despite being marginalized?

  • Prominent economic leaders in the government
  • Essential contributors to the socio-economy (correct)
  • Highly respected cultural figures
  • Main providers of luxury goods for elites

Which products were notably manufactured by blacksmiths in Ethiopia?

<p>Ploughshares and swords (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated Kassa Hailu to unify the country during his leadership?

<p>An ambition to expand territorial boundaries (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of Ethiopia's craftsmen being marginalized?

<p>Stagnation in the sophistication of locally produced goods (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Kassa Hailu initially gain prominence in military matters?

<p>By aiding his half-brother in defeating Egyptians (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the general public's attitude towards artisans in Ethiopia?

<p>They were viewed with disdain and marginalized (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main purpose of confiscating church land during Tewodros II's reign?

<p>To distribute land to the landless (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following represents an internal opposition Tewodros II faced?

<p>Resistance from regional powers (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the storming of Meqdela on April 30, 1868?

<p>Tewodros II committed suicide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

After Tewodros II's death, who initially ascended to the throne as Emperor?

<p>Wagshum Gobeze (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was designated as Nigus Tekle-Haymanot of Gojjam in 1881?

<p>Ras Adal Tesema (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which two policies did Kassa Mircha follow to achieve his objectives?

<p>Peaceful Submission and Forceful Subjugation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which agreement recognized Menelik as Negus of Shewa?

<p>The Liche Agreement (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of the Council of Boru-Meda held in 1878?

<p>The declaration of Tewahdo as the only doctrine of EOTC (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What policy did Menelik II use in his territorial expansion efforts?

<p>Peaceful submission and forceful subjugation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did external conflict play in Tewodros II's reforms?

<p>It resulted in Tewodros's military isolation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant challenge to Tewodros II’s modernization attempts?

<p>Internal Church-State conflicts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which phase of Menelik's territorial expansion involved his time as king of Shewa?

<p>First phase (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which group resisted Menelik's forces in the western Guraghe region?

<p>Hassan Enjamo's followers (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many campaigns did Menelik undertake to pacify the Arsi Oromo?

<p>Six campaigns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which area did Menelik successfully pacify after the battle of Azule in 1886?

<p>Arsi (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leaders from Wallo converted to Christianity and changed their names?

<p>Mohammed Ali and Amede Liban (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What motivated Emperor Tewodros to modernize Ethiopia during the 19th century?

<p>Understanding of the dangers posed to Ethiopian independence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main request Tewodros made in his letter to Queen Victoria?

<p>Military assistance against Egypt (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant outcome of the British expedition to Ethiopia in 1868?

<p>The release of European captives held by Tewodros (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Tewodros do following his defeat on 11 April 1868?

<p>He committed suicide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Egypt show renewed interest in occupying Ethiopia after the British expedition?

<p>To capitalize on the perceived weakness of Ethiopia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which attack was part of Khedive Ismail Pasha's campaign against Ethiopia in 1875?

<p>The occupation of Harar Emirate (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which leader commanded the British forces during the military expedition in 1867?

<p>Sir Robert Napier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the British military's actions post-expedition in 1868?

<p>They burned Tewodros’ fortress and looted treasures (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What institution was outlawed by the leader mentioned in the content?

<p>Lebeshay (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant event occurred on February 1, 1917?

<p>Empress Zewditu's coronation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who was promoted to the rank of 'Ras' and named successor to the throne?

<p>Teferi Mekonnen (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Diarchy Rule from 1917 to 1930?

<p>Power sharing between two leaders (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which faction was led by Fitawrari Habte Giorgis Dinagde during the Diarchy Rule?

<p>The indigenous camp (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable action did the regent face opposition from?

<p>Dejjach Balcha Safo's removal (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What reform did Haile Selassie implement after gaining control?

<p>The first written Constitution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant battle saw the defeat of Nigus Mikael's forces?

<p>Battle of Sagale (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What date was the treaty signed between King Menilek II and Count Pietro Antonelli?

<p>2 May 1889 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant issue arose from the differences in the treaty's versions?

<p>The meaning of obligations differed. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Emperor Menilek II's response after failing to get the treaty revised?

<p>He unilaterally abrogated the treaty. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which river did the Italians cross to advance into Ethiopian territory?

<p>Marab River (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Emperor Menilek II call for in response to the Italian encroachment?

<p>Mobilization of his forces (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary concern expressed by Emperor Menilek II regarding the Italians?

<p>Their intentions to change religion and government (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Menilek II request from the strong and weak in his speech?

<p>Strength and prayers for support (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How many articles did the treaty between Ethiopia and Italy contain?

<p>20 articles (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What analogy did Menilek II use to describe the enemies' approach?

<p>Like moles digging into the ground (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was implied about the treaty's revision process?

<p>It was a lengthy process that led to frustration. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do positive phototropism effects contribute to a plant's survival?

<p>By directing shoot tips towards light for optimal photosynthesis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary advantage of negative geotropism in plants?

<p>Ensures upright growth, maximizing exposure to sunlight (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of growth response is demonstrated when root tips move toward water?

<p>Positive hydrotropism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What common trait is shared by both positive phototropism and positive hydrotropism?

<p>Both contribute to optimizing essential resources for survival (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the role of gravity in plant growth mechanisms?

<p>Gravity provides a constant directional cue for plant orientation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes the bending of a plant towards a light source?

<p>Higher auxin concentration on the shaded side (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response is classified as a negative tropism?

<p>Roots growing away from light (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of auxin in plant growth?

<p>Promoting cell elongation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is responsible for breaking seed dormancy?

<p>Gibberellin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does auxin concentration affect the growth of roots compared to shoots?

<p>Root growth is inhibited by high auxin levels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines the direction of tropic responses in plants?

<p>Unequal production of growth hormones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does abscisic acid have on plants?

<p>Encourages dormancy in seeds (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary stimulus for positive tropism in plants?

<p>Unilateral light exposure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does auxin play in phototropism?

<p>It inhibits cell elongation on the shaded part of the shoot. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In geotropism, what is the general behavior of roots and shoots in relation to gravity?

<p>Roots grow downward while shoots grow upward. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was concluded from Charles Darwin's experiments on phototropism?

<p>An influence is transmitted from the tip of the shoot to its base, regulating growth direction. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a clinostat and its effect on plant growth?

<p>An instrument that rotates seedlings to negate the effects of gravity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do plant roots demonstrate hydrotropism?

<p>They move towards moist soil to seek water. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes phototropism?

<p>It is the bending of shoots towards light due to cell elongation. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is primarily needed for roots to support their structure and carry out photosynthesis?

<p>Water, which is actively sought through hydrotropism. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of plant growth response is classified as negative geotropism?

<p>Shoots bending upwards against the direction of gravity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Blacksmiths in Ethiopia

A crucial cottage industry creating vital tools and weapons like ploughshares, knives, and swords, essential to Ethiopian life.

Ethiopian Cottage Industries

Traditional, labor-intensive industries common in Ethiopia, focusing on goods like metalwork, pottery, and textiles.

Disadvantage of Cottage Industries

Competing with factory-based manufacturers is difficult because cottage industries produce goods slowly and often in limited quantities.

Kassa Hailu

A prominent figure in 19th-century Ethiopia who fought against Egyptians and later aimed to unify Ethiopian regions.

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Kassa's Strategy

Kassa Hailu, through military campaigns and marriage alliances, attempted to unify Ethiopia.

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Ethiopian Unification

The process of bringing together various regions and principalities in Ethiopia from the north/central regions southwards during the 19th century.

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Egyptian Military Advantage

Superior military organization, discipline, and weaponry allowed the Egyptian army to defeat Kassa Hailu in several battles.

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Ethiopian artisans

Craftspeople who played important roles despite not being highly respected.

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Tewodros II's Reforms

Tewodros II introduced reforms in Ethiopia, including confiscating church land and reducing the number of priests and deacons in churches to five. He aimed to increase productivity by distributing land to the landless and modernising the country.

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Challenges to Tewodros II's Reforms

Tewodros II's modernization attempts faced opposition from regional rulers wanting to maintain their power, conflicts with the clergy, and a lack of British support.

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British Conflict with Tewodros

Tewodros's actions, including detaining British diplomats and missionaries, led to a conflict with Britain. The British retaliated militarily.

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Fall of Tewodros II

The British military campaign against Tewodros, culminating in the Battle of Meqdela and Tewodros's suicide, marked the end of his reign in 1868.

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Kassa Mircha's Policies

After Tewodros, Kassa Mircha, later Emperor Yohannes IV, used both peaceful submission and forceful subjugation to achieve his political goals.

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Yohannes IV's decentralized Administration

Emperor Yohannes IV aimed to decentralize the Ethiopian administration, allowing regional rulers a greater level of autonomy.

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Liche Agreement

A 1878 agreement that recognised Menelik as the Negus of Shewa, part of Yohannes IV's decentralized approach.

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Contenders to the Ethiopian Throne

After Tewodros's death, Wagshum Gobeze, Kassa Mircha, and Menelik were key contenders to the Ethiopian throne. Competition led to conflict and ultimately Yohannes IV taking the throne.

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Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahdo Church (EOTC)

The dominant Christian church in Ethiopia during the described period.

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Council of Boru-Meda

Religious council in Ethiopia (1878) that declared Tewahdo the sole doctrine of the EOTC.

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Peaceful Submission

A strategy of territorial expansion by encouraging areas to accept Ethiopian rule without conflict.

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Forceful Subjugation

A strategy of territorial expansion by conquering areas forcibly.

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Menelik's Phases of Expansion

The three phases of Menelik's territorial expansion: pre-coronation, coronation to Adwa battle, and post-Adwa.

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Ras Gobana Dache

A notable Shewan Oromo figure who played a key role in Menelik's territorial expansion.

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Arsi and Hararghe resistance

Areas inhabited by the Oromo where Menelik faced significant resistance during his efforts to expand his empire.

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Battle of Azule

A battle in 1886 marking the suppression of Arsi Oromo resistance against the expanding Ethiopian Empire.

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Ethiopian Independence in 19th Century

Ethiopia's sovereignty faced significant threats in the latter half of the 19th century. Emperor Tewodros recognized this and sought European, particularly British, assistance for modernization and defense against Egypt.

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Tewodros's Request for British Assistance

Emperor Tewodros contacted the British Crown in 1862 requesting military support as part of modernization drive against Egypt.

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Reasons behind British Military Action

Following the arrest of British diplomats and the Emperor's failure to release them, the British Parliament authorized a military expedition to free the diplomats.

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British Expedition to Ethiopia

A British military expedition commanded by Sir Robert Napier arrived in Ethiopia in 1867, aided by local alliances, to free the captives and confront Tewodros.

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Tewodros's Defeat at Aroge

Tewodros's forces, though valiant, were defeated in the Battle of Aroge in 1868, marking a critical turning point in the conflict.

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Tewodros's Suicide

Following the defeat at Aroge, Emperor Tewodros committed suicide in 1868, within his fortress at Maqdala.

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Egyptian Ambition in Northeast Africa

The British withdrawal from Ethiopia and the relative ease of their actions created an impression of Ethiopian weakness, enticing Egypt to contemplate conquest in 1875.

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Egyptian Invasion of Ethiopia

Egypt launched a three-pronged invasion of Ethiopia in 1875, motivated by ambitions in accessing the Nile's source and control of Northeast African territories.

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Iyasu V

The Ethiopian emperor who attempted reforms but was overthrown in 1916.

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Lebeshay

A traditional Ethiopian institution that used magic to capture thieves, outlawed by Emperor Iyasu.

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Mehal Sefari

The palace revolt that led to Iyasu V's deposition in 1916.

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Zewditu

Empress of Ethiopia from 1917 to 1930, daughter of Menelik II.

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Teferi Mekonnen

The powerful regent who shared rule with Empress Zewditu, eventually becoming Emperor Haile Selassie.

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Diarchy

The period of dual governance in Ethiopia (1917-1930) between Empress Zewditu and Teferi Mekonnen.

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Conservative vs. Progressive

The clash between Empress Zewditu's followers (conservative) and Teferi Mekonnen's supporters (progressive) during the diarchy.

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Habte Giorgis Dinagde

A powerful figure who led the conservative camp during the diarchy, serving as War Minister.

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Treaty of Wuchale

An agreement signed in 1889 between Ethiopia and Italy, intended to promote friendship and trade, but containing conflicting interpretations that led to tension.

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Article XVII Discrepancy

The key point of contention in the Treaty of Wuchale involved the interpretation of Article XVII regarding Ethiopia's foreign relations. The Amharic version gave Ethiopia the 'option' to use Italian services, while the Italian version made it an 'obligation.'

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Emperor Menilek's Abrogation

In 1893, Emperor Menilek of Ethiopia, frustrated by the Italians' refusal to revise the treaty, unilaterally nullified the Treaty of Wuchale.

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Italian Encroachment

Despite the abrogation of the Treaty of Wuchale, Italy continued to advance its forces into northern Ethiopia.

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Emperor Menilek's Mobilization

Faced with the Italian threat to Ethiopia's territorial integrity, Emperor Menilek called for a mobilization of his forces.

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Ethiopian Resistance

Emperor Menilek's call to action rallied Ethiopians to defend their country and religion against Italian aggression.

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Ethiopian Defense

Emperor Menilek's powerful words rallied Ethiopians to defend their land, religion, and future against invaders.

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Italian Motivation

Italians were motivated by a desire to expand their influence in Africa, seeking to control Ethiopia's resources and strategic location.

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Ethiopian Resolve

The Ethiopian people exhibited strong determination and resistance against Italian encroachment.

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Ethiopian Victory

Despite the Italian military advantage, the Ethiopians, under Emperor Menilek, were ultimately victorious in the Battle of Adwa.

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Phototropism

A plant's growth response towards light, primarily seen in shoots.

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Positive Phototropism

When a plant's shoot grows towards the light source.

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Hydrotropism

A plant's growth response towards water.

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Positive Hydrotropism

When a plant's roots grow towards water sources.

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Geotropism

A plant's growth response to gravity.

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Positive Geotropism

When a plant's roots grow downwards (towards gravity).

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Negative Geotropism

When a plant's shoot grows upwards (against gravity).

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Clinostat

A rotating instrument that overcomes the effect of gravity on horizontally placed seedlings.

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Negative Hydrotropism

The growth of a plant's shoot away from water, increasing the chances of finding light and maintaining an upright position.

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Traditional Medicine Dependence

Over 60% of the world's population relies on traditional or locally available plant medicines for healthcare.

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What is tropism?

Tropism is a growth response of plants to environmental stimuli, such as light or gravity. It involves unequal growth on different sides of the plant, causing it to bend towards or away from the stimulus.

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Auxin

Auxin is a plant hormone that plays a critical role in plant growth, especially cell elongation. It helps regulate stem growth and is involved in phototropism, the growth response to light.

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How does auxin affect shoot and root growth?

Auxin promotes shoot growth but inhibits root growth. Higher concentrations of auxin on one side of a shoot cause it to bend, while higher concentrations on one side of a root cause it to bend away.

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How does auxin cause phototropism?

When light shines on a plant, auxin moves to the shaded side of the stem. This causes the shaded side to grow faster, making the stem bend towards the light.

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What are the five main plant hormones?

The five main types of plant hormones are auxin, cytokinin, gibberellins, abscisic acid, and ethylene. Each hormone has a specific role in regulating plant growth and development.

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What are some examples of responses in plants?

Plants respond to a variety of stimuli, including light, gravity, touch, and chemicals. Some common responses include phototropism, gravitropism, thigmotropism, and chemical responses, such as the production of hormones to defend against herbivores.

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Study Notes

Oromia Regional State West Arsi Zone

  • Dodola IfA Boru Special Boarding Secondary School
  • History Grade 10 Hand Out
  • Author: Guye A. (MA)
  • November 2023
  • Dodola, Oromia

Socio-Economic and Political Developments in Ethiopia (1850s-1941)

  • Long-distance trade routes connected southern, northern, and eastern Ethiopia and the Horn.
  • Key trade centers included Bonga, Jiren/Hirmata, Saqa, Asandabo, Basso, Darita, and Gondar.
  • Trade routes branched westward through Chilga to Sudan and westward through Adwa, Asmara, and Massawa.
  • Major traded goods were ivory, civet musk, salt bars, and slaves.
  • Salt bars (amole) served as currency.
  • Maria Theresa Thaler (MTT) also circulated as currency, introduced from Austria.
  • Muslim merchants dominated interior to coastal trade, including Jeberti and Afkala Oromo merchants, Safari Somali, and Jelaba Sudanese groups.
  • Other prominent merchants were Argoba from Shewa.
  • Cottage industries were important for the economy, involving metalwork, pottery, tanning, carpentry, masonry, weaving, jewelry, and basket making.
  • Blacksmiths manufactured tools and agricultural implements.

The Making of the Modern Ethiopian State (1855-1913)

  • Kassa Hailu, of Quara, attempted to unify regions through strategies including alliances and military victories.
  • Kassa Hailu later became Tewodros II, King of Kings of Ethiopia.
  • Tewodros II implemented policies to unify Ethiopia territorially and militarily.
  • Tewodros II campaigned in Wallo and Shewa, culminating in his defeat of local resistance and establishing his power base.
  • Tewodros II introduced military titles like Yasr-Aleqa, Yamsa-Aleka, and Yeshi Aleqa.
  • He established an arms factory in Gafat to build Ethiopian weaponry.

The Making of Modern Ethiopian State (1855-1913)

  • Kassa Hailu, of Quara, attempted to unify regions through strategies including alliances and military victories.
  • Kassa Hailu later became Tewodros II, King of Kings of Ethiopia.
  • Tewodros II implemented policies to unify Ethiopia territorially and militarily.
  • Tewodros II campaigned in Wallo and Shewa, culminating in his defeat of local resistance and establishing his power base.
  • Tewodros II introduced military titles like Yasr-Aleqa, Yamsa-Aleka, and Yeshi Aleqa.
  • He established an arms factory in Gafat to build Ethiopian weaponry.
  • Tewodros II's reforms faced internal and external challenges.
  • His reign was marked by challenges associated with regionalism, conflict with the Church, and external pressures.

The Cottage Industries and Its Roles

  • Cottage industries are small-scale, decentralized manufacturing operations often based in homes.
  • They commonly involved labour-intensive production of goods, unlike factory-based mass production methods.
  • Traditional craftwork remained important within Ethiopia, including metalwork, pottery, carpentry, masonry and textiles.
  • Artisans played a crucial role in the socio-economic fabric of Ethiopia, in spite of societal marginalization.

External Aggressions and the Unity of Ethiopian People (1871-1896)

  • Ethiopia's territorial integrity was threatened by foreign powers like Egypt, the Mahdist Sudan, Great Britain, and Italy.
  • Tewodros II's conflicts with foreign powers led to confrontations with British forces.
  • The Egyptians aimed to control the Abay River’s source.
  • The Mahdist Sudan also expanded, creating tensions and conflict.
  • Yohannes IV resisted both Egyptian and Mahdist incursions.
  • Yohannes IV also faced military conflicts with Italy as well as maintaining conflict with internal groups.

The Inception of Power Struggle Among Ruling Elites (1906–1935)

  • Emperor Menilek took measures to lessen future power disputes by establishing a council of ministers to oversee potential succession issues.
  • The year 1906 marked a watershed moment for post-Adwa Ethiopia, where crucial succession questions arose.
  • Menilek suffered strokes, and his cousin Ras Mekonnen's death led to succession disputes.
  • Colonial powers like Britain, France, and Italy began shaping influence in neighboring regions, emphasizing the need for powerful leadership.
  • A tripartite treaty was formed by these colonial powers, in anticipation of potential power struggles.

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Description

Explore the socio-economic and political evolution of Ethiopia from the 1850s to 1941 in this Grade 10 history quiz. Learn about the long-distance trade routes, key trade centers, and the important goods that shaped the region's economy. This quiz is essential for understanding the complex history of Ethiopia during this period.

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