History Chapter 8: Transatlantic Economy Wars
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Questions and Answers

What was one of Galileo's major contributions to science using the telescope?

  • Showed the complexities of celestial bodies. (correct)
  • Invalidated earlier scientific discoveries.
  • Proved that the heavens were simple and unchanging.
  • Reinforced the Ptolemaic model of the universe.

Which of these statements best describes Galileo's view on scientific argumentation?

  • It was solely about presenting evidence.
  • It was best conveyed through abstract reasoning only.
  • It required a focus on tradition and ancient knowledge.
  • It was dependent on the support of influential patrons. (correct)

What fundamental idea did Isaac Newton introduce in 'Principia Mathematica'?

  • Empiricism is not necessary for scientific discovery.
  • Objects moved without any physical attraction.
  • Physics was unrelated to mathematics.
  • Planets are influenced by mutual gravitational attraction. (correct)

Which philosophical concept did the scientific revolution predominantly emphasize?

<p>Nature as a predictable clockwork mechanism. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What notable method did Francis Bacon advocate for in scientific inquiry?

<p>Inductive reasoning based on empirical evidence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Galileo challenge traditional scientific beliefs?

<p>By using mathematics to explain natural phenomena. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key belief of Isaac Newton regarding scientific observations?

<p>One must observe before explaining phenomena. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant focus of Bacon's works like 'The Advancement of Learning'?

<p>To promote new knowledge based on empirical evidence. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of Galileo's defense of Copernicanism?

<p>He was placed under house arrest. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Blaise Pascal reject in his philosophical arguments?

<p>The teachings of the Jesuits. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Francis Bacon view the relationship between the Bible and nature?

<p>They are two distinct sources of divine revelation. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major belief contributing to witch hunts during the early modern period?

<p>The belief in witches stemmed from elite culture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Pascal argue regarding belief in God?

<p>It is rational to allocate everything to God's mercy. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the stance of physico-theology in the 17th century?

<p>It involved deriving religious conclusions from nature. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributed to the perception of witches in society?

<p>Simple folk viewed priests as having divine magic. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of early modern thought is represented by witch hunts?

<p>The dark side of cultural beliefs and fears. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who were primarily targeted during the witch trials?

<p>Single, older women who were often widows (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What led to the end of the witch hunts?

<p>A shift towards a more scientific worldview (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which artist is NOT associated with Baroque art?

<p>Pablo Picasso (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How was Baroque art characterized?

<p>Naturalism rather than idealization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a common social structure under the Old Regime in France?

<p>Association based on corporate bodies rather than individuals (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a major characteristic of the economy during the Old Regime?

<p>Predominance of agriculture and food scarcity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the political environment during the Old Regime?

<p>Absolute monarchies were theoretically in place, especially outside Great Britain (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of witch trials in the context of church and state?

<p>To demonstrate the overlapping goals of spiritual and political authority (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Scientific Revolution primarily involved a new view of the universe?

<p>It led to the adoption of a heliocentric model. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Nicolaus Copernicus's view of the universe?

<p>He argued for a heliocentric model, although it was initially unpopular. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the changes in scientific views during the Scientific Revolution?

<p>Increased persecution and anxiety in society. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What contribution did Tycho Brahe make to the Scientific Revolution?

<p>He created advanced scientific instruments for astronomical observation. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Johannes Kepler's work?

<p>He combined Brahe's observational data with Copernicus's theories. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the shortcomings of the Ptolemaic system that led to its criticism?

<p>It required complex explanations for planetary retrogression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did the Scientific Revolution influence social institutions?

<p>It promoted the establishment of new educational systems. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role did Galileo Galilei play in the Scientific Revolution?

<p>He argued for the universe being governed by mathematical laws. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Convention of Westminster signed by Britain and Prussia?

<p>To form a defensive alliance preventing foreign troops' entry into German states (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which countries joined forces with France and Austria against Prussia?

<p>Sweden, Russia, and small German states (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What outcome did the Treaty of Hubertusburg of 1763 achieve?

<p>It concluded the Seven Years' War without altering existing borders (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What key strategy did William Pitt use to ensure Britain's success in North America during the Seven Years' War?

<p>Utilizing German conflicts to distract French resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following territories did Britain acquire as a result of the Treaty of Paris of 1763?

<p>All of Canada and the Ohio River Valley (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of Frederick the Great's military actions during the Seven Years' War?

<p>It elevated Prussia as a formidable European power (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to the British victory over the French in 1759?

<p>Corruption within the French military and supply issues (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant territory did Prussia regain from Austria after the Seven Years' War?

<p>Silesia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one of George III's significant actions regarding his ministerial appointments?

<p>He ignored the Whig families and appointed the Earl of Bute as first minister. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of John Wilkes' challenge against the government?

<p>He was ultimately seated in Parliament after becoming mayor of London. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Yorkshire Association Movement organized by Christopher Wyvil?

<p>To demand moderate changes in the corrupt system of parliamentary elections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What broader impact did the American Revolution have on Europe?

<p>It demonstrated the feasibility of self-governance without a monarchy. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Parliament respond to the movements for parliamentary reform during this period?

<p>By lessening the power of the crown and abolishing some patronage. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Scientific Revolution

A paradigm shift in the understanding of the universe, primarily driven by new scientific discoveries, starting in the 16th and 17th centuries.

Geocentrism

The belief that the Earth is the center of the universe, with all other celestial bodies revolving around it.

Heliocentrism

A model of the universe that placed the Sun at the center, with the Earth and other planets revolving around it.

Nicolaus Copernicus

A Polish priest who proposed a heliocentric model of the universe in his book "On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres."

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Tycho Brahe

A Danish astronomer who made precise measurements of the planets and stars, providing data that helped Johannes Kepler develop his laws of planetary motion.

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Johannes Kepler

A German astronomer who used Tycho Brahe's data to develop his three laws of planetary motion, supporting the heliocentric model.

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Galileo Galilei

An Italian astronomer, physicist, and engineer who championed the Copernican model of the universe and made significant contributions to the understanding of motion and gravity.

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Ptolemaic System

This system explained the universe with the Earth at the center and everything else revolving around it. It was based on the ideas of Aristotle and Ptolemy.

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Galileo's Telescopic Discoveries

Galileo used his telescope to observe the heavens, revealing their complexity. His findings, contradicting the Ptolemaic model, supported the Copernican view of the universe.

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Galileo: Beyond Evidence

Galileo's career highlights that scientific progress goes beyond simply presenting arguments and evidence; it involves influential patronage and navigating societal structures.

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Newton's Principia Mathematica

Newton's "Principia Mathematica" outlined his laws of motion and gravity, supporting Galileo's heliocentric ideas and explaining planetary movement through mutual attraction.

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Newton and Empiricism

Empiricism, a cornerstone of the Scientific Revolution, emphasizes observation and experimentation as the foundation of knowledge. It's a method that prioritizes evidence over theory.

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Mechanism in the Scientific Revolution

Mechanism, prevalent throughout the Scientific Revolution, explained the universe through the language of machinery. It saw the world as a complex but understandable system.

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Francis Bacon and Empiricism

Bacon, a champion of empiricism, believed knowledge should improve the human condition. He advocated for an inductive approach, deriving general principles from specific observations.

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Bacon's Critique of Scholasticism

Bacon criticized Scholasticism for its focus on tradition and ancient knowledge, arguing for a new approach that emphasized observation and experimentation.

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Bacon and Political Power

For Bacon, the pursuit of knowledge should empower governments and monarchies. This concept linked scientific advancement with political strength.

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Human Corruption

The idea that humans are inherently flawed and unworthy of God's grace.

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Reasons of the Heart

The concept that reasoning alone cannot fully grasp religious truths; instead, faith and emotion play a crucial role.

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Physico-theology

A philosophical approach that seeks to find evidence for God in the natural world, using scientific observations and reason.

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Witch Hunts

A widespread phenomenon in early modern Europe involving accusations, trials, and often executions of individuals suspected of engaging in witchcraft.

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Belief in Witches

A belief in supernatural powers, often attributed to individuals who are thought to have made pacts with the devil, which led to accusations and persecution.

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George III's Royal Over Aristocratic Rule

King George III favored appointing his own people to government positions rather than relying on influential Whig families. This broke with tradition and caused tension.

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Dramatic Shift of Alliances

A sudden shift in political alliances in Europe, marked by Britain aligning with Prussia, Austria's enemy, and France forming an alliance with Austria, effectively breaking the existing order.

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John Wilkes' Challenge to King George III

John Wilkes, a radical politician, challenged King George III and his policies. He was arrested, fled England, and was re-elected multiple times, but Parliament refused to seat him. This was a major battle for freedom of speech and representation.

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Convention of Westminster

A defensive alliance between Britain and Prussia, signed in 1756, aiming to prevent foreign troops from entering German states.

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Yorkshire Association Movement

The Yorkshire Association Movement was a political campaign that demanded changes to the British electoral system, which was considered corrupt and unfair. This movement showed widespread discontent with the existing system.

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Franco-Austrian Alliance

A defensive alliance between France and Austria, signing in 1756, that marked a significant turning point in European politics.

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American Revolution's Influence on Europe

The American Revolution proved that a nation could function without a monarchy, inspiring movements for change and revolution across Europe. It showed the idea of republican government was possible.

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Seven Years' War

A global conflict from 1756 to 1763 involving major European powers, primarily fought in Europe, North America, and India.

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American Revolution's Impact on British Subjects

The American Revolution highlighted the issues of representation and freedom, echoing the concerns of British subjects at home. They felt their own voices were not being heard in Parliament.

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Frederick the Great's Invasion of Saxony

Frederick II of Prussia's opening move in the Seven Years' War, invading Saxony to secure a strategic advantage.

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Anti-Prussian Coalition

A coalition formed against Prussia, comprised of France, Austria, Russia, Sweden, and small German states, aiming to defeat Prussia and redistribute its territories.

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Treaty of Hubertusburg

A peace treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in 1763, leaving territorial borders unchanged.

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Treaty of Paris of 1763

The Treaty of Paris, signed in 1763, brought an end to the Seven Years' War, marking a significant shift in global power dynamics.

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Church and State in Witch Trials

The church and state saw witch trials as a way to demonstrate their absolute power, both spiritual and political.

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Who Were the Witches?

Women, particularly those who were single, over 40, widows, midwives, and healers or herbalists, were most likely to be accused of witchcraft.

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End of the Witch Hunts: Scientific Shift

The end of the witch hunts came about partly due to the rise of a more scientific perspective that separated mind and matter, rendering curses as mere words.

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End of the Witch Hunts: Anarchy Threat

The witch hunts became so prevalent that they threatened social order and stability, leading to their decline.

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Baroque Art: Naturalism

Baroque art emphasized naturalism over idealized representations, showing a growing interest in the workings of the natural world.

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Baroque Art: Style and Themes

Baroque art featured sharp contrasts, dramatic scenes, and often depicted biblical subjects, becoming closely associated with Catholicism and absolutist politics.

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Old Regime: Features

The Old Regime was characterized by traditional authority, hierarchy, and corporate feeling, with a strong emphasis on maintaining existing social structures.

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Old Regime: Economy

The Old Regime in Europe witnessed limited economic development, with agriculture dominating, slow transport, low iron production, and undeveloped financial institutions.

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Study Notes

Overview of Chapter 8

  • The chapter discusses the Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion.
  • Mid-eighteenth-century wars involved continental and global conflicts

8.5. Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars

  • Statesmen believed warfare could further national interests
  • Little interest in peace
  • Overseas empires were a concern, specially in central and eastern Europe.
  • The War of Jenkins's Ear was a trade rivalry between Spain and England.
  • It was the first of a series of European wars that lasted until 1815.
  • In the War of Austrian SUccession, Frederick II, King of Prussia, seized an Austrian province. It upset the balance of power
  • Maria Theresa tried to preserve the Habsburg Empire but was unable to regain Silesia
  • France drew Great Britain into the war because of the Austrian succession and British-Spanish conflicts.
  • This resulted in a stalemate, which concluded in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
  • This treaty saw Prussia retain Silesia

8.6 The American Revolution and Europe

  • The end of European colonial dominance in America
  • continued conflict between France and GB
  • The French supported the colonists, and this worsened the already-suffering monarchy
  • The British needed to pay for their empire, which led to higher national debt and rising domestic taxation.
  • The Stamp Act taxed legal documents and papers.
  • Americans weren't represented in Parliament, leading to protests and the formation of groups like the Sons of Liberty.
  • The Stamp Act Congress and the Stamp Act were repealed.
  • The Townshend Acts, the Tea Act, and the Intolerable Acts further inflamed tensions.
  • The colonists formed the First and Second Continental Congresses.
  • The Battle of Lexington and Concord, and the Battle of Bunker Hill were key conflicts.
  • The Declaration of Independence asserted the colonists' right to govern themselves.
  • The American Revolution significantly impacted European political thought.
  • The British lost

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Description

This quiz explores the key events and concepts from Chapter 8, focusing on the Transatlantic Economy, various trade wars, and the Colonial Rebellion during the mid-eighteenth century. Participants will review significant conflicts such as the War of Jenkins's Ear and the War of Austrian Succession, including the geopolitical impacts of treaties and national interests.

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