History Chapter 8: Transatlantic Economy Wars

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Questions and Answers

What was one of Galileo's major contributions to science using the telescope?

Showed the complexities of celestial bodies. (correct)

Invalidated earlier scientific discoveries.

Proved that the heavens were simple and unchanging.

Reinforced the Ptolemaic model of the universe.

Which of these statements best describes Galileo's view on scientific argumentation?

It was solely about presenting evidence.

It was best conveyed through abstract reasoning only.

It required a focus on tradition and ancient knowledge.

It was dependent on the support of influential patrons. (correct)

What fundamental idea did Isaac Newton introduce in 'Principia Mathematica'?

Empiricism is not necessary for scientific discovery.

Objects moved without any physical attraction.

Physics was unrelated to mathematics.

Planets are influenced by mutual gravitational attraction. (correct)

Which philosophical concept did the scientific revolution predominantly emphasize?

Nature as a predictable clockwork mechanism. Signup and view all the answers

What notable method did Francis Bacon advocate for in scientific inquiry?

Inductive reasoning based on empirical evidence. Signup and view all the answers

How did Galileo challenge traditional scientific beliefs?

By using mathematics to explain natural phenomena. Signup and view all the answers

What was a key belief of Isaac Newton regarding scientific observations?

One must observe before explaining phenomena. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant focus of Bacon's works like 'The Advancement of Learning'?

To promote new knowledge based on empirical evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What was one significant outcome of Galileo's defense of Copernicanism?

He was placed under house arrest. Signup and view all the answers

What did Blaise Pascal reject in his philosophical arguments?

The teachings of the Jesuits. Signup and view all the answers

How did Francis Bacon view the relationship between the Bible and nature?

They are two distinct sources of divine revelation. Signup and view all the answers

What was a major belief contributing to witch hunts during the early modern period?

The belief in witches stemmed from elite culture. Signup and view all the answers

What did Pascal argue regarding belief in God?

It is rational to allocate everything to God's mercy. Signup and view all the answers

What was the stance of physico-theology in the 17th century?

It involved deriving religious conclusions from nature. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following contributed to the perception of witches in society?

Simple folk viewed priests as having divine magic. Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of early modern thought is represented by witch hunts?

The dark side of cultural beliefs and fears. Signup and view all the answers

Who were primarily targeted during the witch trials?

Single, older women who were often widows Signup and view all the answers

What led to the end of the witch hunts?

A shift towards a more scientific worldview Signup and view all the answers

Which artist is NOT associated with Baroque art?

Pablo Picasso Signup and view all the answers

How was Baroque art characterized?

Naturalism rather than idealization Signup and view all the answers

What was a common social structure under the Old Regime in France?

Association based on corporate bodies rather than individuals Signup and view all the answers

What was a major characteristic of the economy during the Old Regime?

Predominance of agriculture and food scarcity Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes the political environment during the Old Regime?

Absolute monarchies were theoretically in place, especially outside Great Britain Signup and view all the answers

What was the role of witch trials in the context of church and state?

To demonstrate the overlapping goals of spiritual and political authority Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of the Scientific Revolution primarily involved a new view of the universe?

It led to the adoption of a heliocentric model. Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes Nicolaus Copernicus's view of the universe?

He argued for a heliocentric model, although it was initially unpopular. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant consequence of the changes in scientific views during the Scientific Revolution?

Increased persecution and anxiety in society. Signup and view all the answers

What contribution did Tycho Brahe make to the Scientific Revolution?

He created advanced scientific instruments for astronomical observation. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements is true regarding Johannes Kepler's work?

He combined Brahe's observational data with Copernicus's theories. Signup and view all the answers

What was one of the shortcomings of the Ptolemaic system that led to its criticism?

It required complex explanations for planetary retrogression. Signup and view all the answers

How did the Scientific Revolution influence social institutions?

It promoted the establishment of new educational systems. Signup and view all the answers

What role did Galileo Galilei play in the Scientific Revolution?

He argued for the universe being governed by mathematical laws. Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the Convention of Westminster signed by Britain and Prussia?

To form a defensive alliance preventing foreign troops' entry into German states Signup and view all the answers

Which countries joined forces with France and Austria against Prussia?

Sweden, Russia, and small German states Signup and view all the answers

What outcome did the Treaty of Hubertusburg of 1763 achieve?

It concluded the Seven Years' War without altering existing borders Signup and view all the answers

What key strategy did William Pitt use to ensure Britain's success in North America during the Seven Years' War?

Utilizing German conflicts to distract French resources Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following territories did Britain acquire as a result of the Treaty of Paris of 1763?

All of Canada and the Ohio River Valley Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of Frederick the Great's military actions during the Seven Years' War?

It elevated Prussia as a formidable European power Signup and view all the answers

Which factor contributed to the British victory over the French in 1759?

Corruption within the French military and supply issues Signup and view all the answers

What significant territory did Prussia regain from Austria after the Seven Years' War?

Silesia Signup and view all the answers

What was one of George III's significant actions regarding his ministerial appointments?

He ignored the Whig families and appointed the Earl of Bute as first minister. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of John Wilkes' challenge against the government?

He was ultimately seated in Parliament after becoming mayor of London. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Yorkshire Association Movement organized by Christopher Wyvil?

To demand moderate changes in the corrupt system of parliamentary elections. Signup and view all the answers

What broader impact did the American Revolution have on Europe?

It demonstrated the feasibility of self-governance without a monarchy. Signup and view all the answers

How did Parliament respond to the movements for parliamentary reform during this period?

By lessening the power of the crown and abolishing some patronage. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Overview of Chapter 8

The chapter discusses the Transatlantic Economy, Trade Wars, and Colonial Rebellion.
Mid-eighteenth-century wars involved continental and global conflicts

8.5. Mid-Eighteenth-Century Wars

Statesmen believed warfare could further national interests
Little interest in peace
Overseas empires were a concern, specially in central and eastern Europe.
The War of Jenkins's Ear was a trade rivalry between Spain and England.
It was the first of a series of European wars that lasted until 1815.
In the War of Austrian SUccession, Frederick II, King of Prussia, seized an Austrian province. It upset the balance of power
Maria Theresa tried to preserve the Habsburg Empire but was unable to regain Silesia
France drew Great Britain into the war because of the Austrian succession and British-Spanish conflicts.
This resulted in a stalemate, which concluded in the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle
This treaty saw Prussia retain Silesia

8.6 The American Revolution and Europe

The end of European colonial dominance in America
continued conflict between France and GB
The French supported the colonists, and this worsened the already-suffering monarchy
The British needed to pay for their empire, which led to higher national debt and rising domestic taxation.
The Stamp Act taxed legal documents and papers.
Americans weren't represented in Parliament, leading to protests and the formation of groups like the Sons of Liberty.
The Stamp Act Congress and the Stamp Act were repealed.
The Townshend Acts, the Tea Act, and the Intolerable Acts further inflamed tensions.
The colonists formed the First and Second Continental Congresses.
The Battle of Lexington and Concord, and the Battle of Bunker Hill were key conflicts.
The Declaration of Independence asserted the colonists' right to govern themselves.
The American Revolution significantly impacted European political thought.
The British lost

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Description

This quiz explores the key events and concepts from Chapter 8, focusing on the Transatlantic Economy, various trade wars, and the Colonial Rebellion during the mid-eighteenth century. Participants will review significant conflicts such as the War of Jenkins's Ear and the War of Austrian Succession, including the geopolitical impacts of treaties and national interests.