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Questions and Answers
What economic theory was used by England to acquire raw materials from the colonies?
What economic theory was used by England to acquire raw materials from the colonies?
Which event highlighted class tensions and resistance to royal control in Virginia?
Which event highlighted class tensions and resistance to royal control in Virginia?
What was one consequence of the low tobacco prices in the Chesapeake in the 1660s?
What was one consequence of the low tobacco prices in the Chesapeake in the 1660s?
What was the purpose of the New England Confederation formed in the 1640s?
What was the purpose of the New England Confederation formed in the 1640s?
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What was one effect of European diseases on Native American populations?
What was one effect of European diseases on Native American populations?
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What economic theory influenced European nations' view of their colonies?
What economic theory influenced European nations' view of their colonies?
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Which product was exported by the Southern Colonies?
Which product was exported by the Southern Colonies?
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What did the Navigation Acts aim to achieve?
What did the Navigation Acts aim to achieve?
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What challenge did England face in enforcing the Navigation Acts?
What challenge did England face in enforcing the Navigation Acts?
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What was the policy of salutary neglect?
What was the policy of salutary neglect?
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Which crop was primarily exported by the Middle Colonies?
Which crop was primarily exported by the Middle Colonies?
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Which of the following best describes mercantilist goals?
Which of the following best describes mercantilist goals?
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What consequence did the Navigation Acts have on colonial trade?
What consequence did the Navigation Acts have on colonial trade?
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The British government passed the ______ Acts to regulate colonial trade and increase profits for Britain.
The British government passed the ______ Acts to regulate colonial trade and increase profits for Britain.
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The economic theory of ______ held that a country's wealth was determined by its exports exceeding its imports.
The economic theory of ______ held that a country's wealth was determined by its exports exceeding its imports.
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In 1684, the British revoked the charter of the Massachusetts Bay colony due to its central role in ______ activity.
In 1684, the British revoked the charter of the Massachusetts Bay colony due to its central role in ______ activity.
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The Triangular Trade connected North America, Africa, and Europe through extensive trade networks.
The Triangular Trade connected North America, Africa, and Europe through extensive trade networks.
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The main goal of mercantilism was to increase imports over exports for European nations.
The main goal of mercantilism was to increase imports over exports for European nations.
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Salutary neglect was a strict enforcement policy of the Navigation Acts by England.
Salutary neglect was a strict enforcement policy of the Navigation Acts by England.
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The Southern Colonies primarily exported cotton and tobacco.
The Southern Colonies primarily exported cotton and tobacco.
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The New England Confederation was formed to provide mutual protection against American Indian attacks.
The New England Confederation was formed to provide mutual protection against American Indian attacks.
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Bacon's Rebellion was primarily a conflict between Spanish colonizers and Native Americans.
Bacon's Rebellion was primarily a conflict between Spanish colonizers and Native Americans.
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King Philip's War ended in a decisive victory for the Native American coalition led by Metacom.
King Philip's War ended in a decisive victory for the Native American coalition led by Metacom.
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Study Notes
An Atlantic Economy
- An extensive Atlantic economy developed between 1607 and 1754, involving trade among Europe, Africa, and the Americas, including goods and enslaved individuals.
- The Transatlantic Trade or Triangular Trade involved shipping routes connecting North America, Africa, and Europe, where goods like rum and sugarcane were exchanged.
- Ships from New England transported rum to West Africa, traded it for enslaved Africans, who were then forced on the Middle Passage to the West Indies, ultimately leading to sugarcane returning to New England.
Mercantilism
- European nations viewed colonies as a means to enhance power, aligned with the economic theory of mercantilism, which prioritized exports over imports to increase national wealth.
- Colonies were primarily viewed as resources to enrich the "Mother Country," with raw materials exported to support British industries.
England and Mercantilism
- The British colonies' role involved exporting raw materials like lumber, rum, wheat, tobacco, rice, and cotton to Britain.
- The Navigation Acts (1650-1673) were passed to regulate colonial trade, mandating that trade occur on English ships and all imported goods go through English ports.
- Enforcement of the Navigation Acts was minimal due to England's internal turmoil, leading to a policy of salutary neglect, permitting smuggling and trade underreporting.
- The outcome of these acts included the growth of specific industries such as shipbuilding but also economic hardships for colonial farmers due to fixed export prices.
Resistance and Tension
- Many colonists engaged in smuggling and bribery to bypass Navigation Acts, with serious enforcement attempts, like the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay colony charter in 1684.
- The establishment of the Dominion of New England in 1686 under Sir Edmund Andros further increased royal control, leading to taxes and restricted colonial governance.
- Tensions culminated in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which saw a shift away from stringent imperial control while leaving trade regulations unresolved.
Broad Interactions
- Relations between colonists and Native Americans involved trading, alliances, and conflicts, with traded goods often being furs and crops for European products.
- European diseases, such as smallpox, severely impacted Native American populations, aiding colonial expansion westward.
- Some colonies sought to assimilate Native Americans, while many colonists viewed them as inferior and dispossessed them from their lands.
New England: King Philip’s War
- In the 1640s, New England colonies faced threats from Indigenous peoples and rival European powers, leading to the formation of the New England Confederation.
- The military alliance served mutual protection and helped secure a victory in King Philip’s War (1675-1676), prompted by colonial encroachment on Native lands.
- Metacom, or King Philip, led the Wampanoag tribes against colonists, ultimately culminating in his defeat and decapitation.
Virginia: Bacon’s Rebellion
- Concurrently, in 1676, tension in Virginia led to Bacon’s Rebellion, where western farmers, frustrated with their governor's inaction against Native American attacks, revolted.
- Nathaniel Bacon led raids and the burning of Jamestown, but the rebellion was crushed after his death, highlighting class tensions and resistance to royal authority.
New Spain: Pueblo Revolt
- By 1680, the Spanish colony of Santa Fe faced increasing unrest due to the encomienda and casta systems and aggressive missionary efforts to convert Native Americans.
- The Pueblo Revolt occurred as various tribes united to expel Spanish authorities, achieving temporary success until Spanish forces regained control in 1692.
- Accommodations were eventually made by the Spanish, such as allowing Pueblo land ownership, stabilizing the region despite continued assimilation efforts.
Key Takeaways
- Mercantilism drove England's economic focus on extracting resources from its colonies for manufacturing.
- The theory of mercantilism directly contributed to the emergence and structure of transatlantic trade.
- Interactions between European powers and Native Americans were characterized by both conflict and cooperation, heavily influenced by competition for resources.
- Significant resistance to colonization is exemplified by the Pueblo Revolt and King Philip’s War, reflecting underlying tensions and desire for autonomy among Native populations.
An Atlantic Economy
- An extensive Atlantic economy developed between 1607 and 1754, involving trade among Europe, Africa, and the Americas, including goods and enslaved individuals.
- The Transatlantic Trade or Triangular Trade involved shipping routes connecting North America, Africa, and Europe, where goods like rum and sugarcane were exchanged.
- Ships from New England transported rum to West Africa, traded it for enslaved Africans, who were then forced on the Middle Passage to the West Indies, ultimately leading to sugarcane returning to New England.
Mercantilism
- European nations viewed colonies as a means to enhance power, aligned with the economic theory of mercantilism, which prioritized exports over imports to increase national wealth.
- Colonies were primarily viewed as resources to enrich the "Mother Country," with raw materials exported to support British industries.
England and Mercantilism
- The British colonies' role involved exporting raw materials like lumber, rum, wheat, tobacco, rice, and cotton to Britain.
- The Navigation Acts (1650-1673) were passed to regulate colonial trade, mandating that trade occur on English ships and all imported goods go through English ports.
- Enforcement of the Navigation Acts was minimal due to England's internal turmoil, leading to a policy of salutary neglect, permitting smuggling and trade underreporting.
- The outcome of these acts included the growth of specific industries such as shipbuilding but also economic hardships for colonial farmers due to fixed export prices.
Resistance and Tension
- Many colonists engaged in smuggling and bribery to bypass Navigation Acts, with serious enforcement attempts, like the revocation of the Massachusetts Bay colony charter in 1684.
- The establishment of the Dominion of New England in 1686 under Sir Edmund Andros further increased royal control, leading to taxes and restricted colonial governance.
- Tensions culminated in the Glorious Revolution of 1688, which saw a shift away from stringent imperial control while leaving trade regulations unresolved.
Broad Interactions
- Relations between colonists and Native Americans involved trading, alliances, and conflicts, with traded goods often being furs and crops for European products.
- European diseases, such as smallpox, severely impacted Native American populations, aiding colonial expansion westward.
- Some colonies sought to assimilate Native Americans, while many colonists viewed them as inferior and dispossessed them from their lands.
New England: King Philip’s War
- In the 1640s, New England colonies faced threats from Indigenous peoples and rival European powers, leading to the formation of the New England Confederation.
- The military alliance served mutual protection and helped secure a victory in King Philip’s War (1675-1676), prompted by colonial encroachment on Native lands.
- Metacom, or King Philip, led the Wampanoag tribes against colonists, ultimately culminating in his defeat and decapitation.
Virginia: Bacon’s Rebellion
- Concurrently, in 1676, tension in Virginia led to Bacon’s Rebellion, where western farmers, frustrated with their governor's inaction against Native American attacks, revolted.
- Nathaniel Bacon led raids and the burning of Jamestown, but the rebellion was crushed after his death, highlighting class tensions and resistance to royal authority.
New Spain: Pueblo Revolt
- By 1680, the Spanish colony of Santa Fe faced increasing unrest due to the encomienda and casta systems and aggressive missionary efforts to convert Native Americans.
- The Pueblo Revolt occurred as various tribes united to expel Spanish authorities, achieving temporary success until Spanish forces regained control in 1692.
- Accommodations were eventually made by the Spanish, such as allowing Pueblo land ownership, stabilizing the region despite continued assimilation efforts.
Key Takeaways
- Mercantilism drove England's economic focus on extracting resources from its colonies for manufacturing.
- The theory of mercantilism directly contributed to the emergence and structure of transatlantic trade.
- Interactions between European powers and Native Americans were characterized by both conflict and cooperation, heavily influenced by competition for resources.
- Significant resistance to colonization is exemplified by the Pueblo Revolt and King Philip’s War, reflecting underlying tensions and desire for autonomy among Native populations.
Atlantic Economy
- Development of an Atlantic economy occurred between 1607 and 1754, involving the exchange of goods, enslaved Africans, and American Indians through extensive trade networks among Europe, Africa, and the Americas.
- The 17th century saw the establishment of Transatlantic Trade (or Triangular Trade) linking North America, Africa, and Europe in a three-part route.
- Ships from New England exported rum to West Africa in exchange for enslaved Africans, who endured the Middle Passage to the West Indies, where they were traded for sugarcane, which was then sent back to New England to produce more rum.
Mercantilism
- European nations viewed colonies primarily as a means to enhance their power through wealth accumulation.
- Mercantilism, the prevailing economic theory, emphasized that a nation's wealth is determined by a favorable balance of trade, advocating for high exports and limited imports.
- Colonies were expected to enrich the "Mother Country" through the provision of raw materials.
England and Mercantilism
- The British colonies served as sources of raw materials essential for Britain's industrial growth, with each colony specializing in specific exports: lumber and rum from New England, wheat from the Middle Colonies, tobacco from the Chesapeake, and rice and indigo from the Southern Colonies.
- Navigation Acts, passed between 1650 and 1673, restricted colonial trade to benefit Britain, mandating that trade be conducted on English ships and that goods imported to the colonies pass through England.
- Enforcement of the Navigation Acts was challenging due to the vast Atlantic distance and internal turmoil in England, leading to a policy of salutary neglect with loose enforcement.
Enforcement and Impacts
- Salutary neglect allowed colonial resistance through bribery and smuggling, particularly in New England, which was the center of such activities.
- The British crown attempted to exert control by revoking Massachusetts Bay's charter in 1684 and consolidating several colonies into the Dominion of New England under Sir Edmund Andros in 1686.
- The Dominion's fall occurred after the Glorious Revolution (1688), leading to a relaxation of imperial control but ongoing trade regulation tensions.
Broad Interactions
- Trade, alliances, and conflicts defined relationships between colonists and Native Americans, with fluctuating trade dynamics.
- Native Americans faced devastating population declines due to European diseases, facilitating westward colonial expansion.
- Some colonies sought to assimilate Native Americans, while many colonists viewed them as inferior and sought to displace them.
New England: King Philip’s War
- Constant threats from Native Americans, Dutch, and French prompted New England colonies to form the New England Confederation for mutual protection, which was established before dissolving in 1684.
- This confederation contributed to the New England colonists' success in King Philip’s War (1675-1676), a conflict rooted in colonial encroachment on Native lands led by Wampanoag chief Metacom (King Philip).
- The war concluded with the colonists' victory and Metacom's execution, marking a significant moment in colonial-Native relations.
Virginia: Bacon’s Rebellion
- Bacon’s Rebellion in 1676 emerged from tensions between farmers and Native Americans in Virginia's western frontier, exacerbated by the royal governor's inaction.
- Led by Nathaniel Bacon, farmers retaliated through raids and burning Jamestown, demonstrating class tensions and resistance to governmental control until the rebellion was suppressed after Bacon's death.
New Spain: Pueblo Revolt
- By 1680, the Spanish colony in Santa Fe, predominantly mestizos, faced religious and cultural suppression through the encomienda system and aggressive missionary efforts.
- The Pueblo Revolt was initiated by various Pueblo tribes to expel the Spanish, achieving temporary success until Spanish forces regained control in 1692.
- Post-revolt, Spanish authorities made accommodations, allowing Pueblo land ownership, which contributed to regional stability.
Key Takeaways
- Interactions between European powers and Native American groups led to both cooperation and conflict, largely driven by competition for resources.
- Major conflicts like the Pueblo Revolt and King Philip’s War illustrated Native American resistance to colonial encroachments as settlers expanded westward.
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Description
Explore the dynamics of the Atlantic economy between 1607 and 1754. This quiz covers the Triangular Trade route connecting Europe, Africa, and the Americas, highlighting the exchange of goods, enslaved Africans, and American Indians. Test your knowledge on this significant historical trade system.
