History Chapter 7 Flashcards

Questions and Answers

What event is associated with the peaceful protest to czar Nicholas II's palace in 1905?

Bloody Sunday

What was the October Manifesto?

A decree issued by Nicholas II in 1905 that promised freedom of speech and assembly and created the Duma.

Define Revisionism in the context of socialist movements.

Socialist movements that disavowed Marxist revolutionary doctrine and believed in gradual social success through political means.

What was the People's Budget?

A proposed bill in 1906 aimed at increasing social welfare spending, but vetoed by the House of Lords. Signup and view all the answers

1848 was a turning point in history that resulted in a new order.

False Signup and view all the answers

What does 'On Liberty' by John Mill describe about government?

It describes government as a self-preserving conservative system. Signup and view all the answers

What were the reasons why England did not revolt?

Reform laws for the working class and repeal of corn laws. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Doctrine of Papal Infallibility?

It is a doctrine established by Pius IX during the first Vatican Council which centralized authority within the church regarding faith and morals. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Peace of Prague?

A treaty that resulted in a compromise between German Protestant states and Ferdinand; it established control for Catholicism in the south. Signup and view all the answers

Why was the Suez Canal significant for Great Britain?

It was important for military strategy and opened up the African continent to European influence. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Leopold II of Belgium?

The king associated with the exploitation of the Congo. Signup and view all the answers

Match the following countries with their colonial pursuits during the Scramble for Africa:

France = North Africa Great Britain = Southern Africa Germany = Eastern and Southwestern Africa Italy = Late entry Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the Realism movement in literature and art?

Focus on contemporary everyday life, particularly the urban working class. Signup and view all the answers

What does Impressionism aim to capture?

The first fleeting or personal impression made at a certain instant. Signup and view all the answers

What is post-impressionism?

An art movement that emphasizes light and color beyond Impressionism, exploring imagination and bold colors. Signup and view all the answers

Define spheres of influence.

Areas where countries have political and economic control without direct governance. Signup and view all the answers

What was the October Diploma?

A federation created among German states that was rejected by the Magyars. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Bismarck?

Prussian chancellor who engineered the unification of Germany under his rule. Signup and view all the answers

What does 'Blood and Iron' represent?

The military and industry of Germany. Signup and view all the answers

What is classical economics?

The idea that free markets can regulate themselves. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Ems Dispatch?

A message from William I of Prussia to Napoleon III that brought France into the Franco-Prussian War. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Georges Haussmann?

Associated with the rebuilding of Paris. Signup and view all the answers

What was the National Assembly?

It was established to decide on a new government. Signup and view all the answers

What was the goal of the Paris Commune?

To resist the conservative leaders of France and form their own government. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Communards?

The rebels including workers, socialists, and bourgeoisie Republicans. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Third Republic?

The French Republic established after the Franco-Prussian War. Signup and view all the answers

Who was General Georges Boulanger?

The Minister of War who supported a monarchial government. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Dreyfus Affair?

A captain wrongfully blamed for espionage that highlighted anti-Semitism in France. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Emile Zola?

A novelist who wrote 'J'accuse' denouncing the military's wrongdoing in the Dreyfus Affair. Signup and view all the answers

What did 'J'accuse' accuse the French government of?

Anti-Semitism and the wrongful jailing of Alfred Dreyfus. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Theodor Herzl?

An Austrian journalist and Zionist who promoted Jewish migration to Palestine. Signup and view all the answers

What is zionism?

A movement to establish and develop a Jewish nation in Palestine. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Crimean War?

A conflict (1853-1856) where Russia fought against Ottoman control of the Black Sea. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Alexander II?

Emperor of Russia known for moderate reforms and the emancipation of serfs. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of Alexander III's reign?

Increased use of secret police and repression of non-Russians. Signup and view all the answers

What are the Corn Laws?

Laws enacted in 1815 that protected British agriculture. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Benjamin Disraeli?

British conservative leader who expanded the electorate in hopes of Tories gaining votes. Signup and view all the answers

Who was William Gladstone?

A Liberal Prime Minister who introduced bills for Irish self-governance. Signup and view all the answers

What is nationalism?

The aspiration for national independence by people under foreign domination. Signup and view all the answers

What is realpolitik?

'Realistic politics' where ends justify the means. Signup and view all the answers

What is Young Italian Society?

A movement founded by Mazzini to drive Austria from the Italian peninsula. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Pope Pius IX?

Initially supported Italian unification but later became super conservative. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Victor Emmanuel II?

The first king of a united Italy. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Giuseppe Mazzini?

A nationalistic leader in Italy who founded Young Italy. Signup and view all the answers

What is Risorgimento?

The Italian unification movement. Signup and view all the answers

What are the obstacles to Italian unification?

Political unity but not cultural unity and political corruption. Signup and view all the answers

What was the German Confederation?

A group of 38 sovereign states dominated by Austria and Prussia. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Austro-Sardinia War?

A conflict over Lombardy where Austria was defeated. Signup and view all the answers

What was Zollverein?

A tariff-free zone in Germany to boost the economy. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Junkers?

The Prussian aristocracy that supported Bismarck's unification efforts. Signup and view all the answers

What were the obstacles to German unification?

Opposition from Austria and France, and internal divisions among German states. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Otto von Bismarck?

A member of the conservative landowning class advocating for German unification. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Wilhelm I?

He became the emperor in 1871 and supported Bismarck's policies. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Helmuth von Moltke?

A Prussian general and chief of staff who built a strong army. Signup and view all the answers

What happened during the Danish War?

Denmark attempted to annex Schleswig-Holstein but was defeated by Prussia and Austria. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Austro-Prussian War?

Prussia defeated Austria and formed the North German Confederation. Signup and view all the answers

What was the North German Confederation?

An alliance of Prussia and 21 other German states formed after the Austro-Prussian War. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Reichstag?

The lower house of the German legislature elected by universal male suffrage. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Franco-Prussian War?

A war that led to the southern German states joining the North German Confederation. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Treaty of Frankfurt?

The treaty that ended the Franco-Prussian War. Signup and view all the answers

What was the German Empire?

A union of 25 German states, dominated by Prussia, announced in Versailles. Signup and view all the answers

What was Kulturkampf?

Bismarck's battle for civilization aimed at reducing the Church's influence. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Wilhelm II?

A strong defender of divine right who dismissed Bismarck. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Francis Joseph I?

Austrian ruler who attempted to Germanize Austria. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Ausgleich?

The compromise that created the dual monarchy of Austria-Hungary. Signup and view all the answers

What is the dual monarchy?

The joining of Austria and Hungary under two crowns. Signup and view all the answers

What is old imperialism?

A European policy of conquest from the 15th through 18th centuries. Signup and view all the answers

What is new imperialism?

Late 19th-century wave of conquests by European powers. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Irish Question?

A dispute in Great Britain regarding calls for Irish independence. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Russification of Poland?

The imposition of Russian laws after Poland's rebellion against Alexander II. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Second Empire?

The imperial government of Napoleon III in France from 1852-1870. Signup and view all the answers

What is the dual revolution?

Economic and political changes that reinforced each other. Signup and view all the answers

What does Sturm und Drang mean?

Storm and stress, term used by early German Romantics. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Benthamite?

A follower of Jeremy Bentham advocating for solving public problems through rational basis. Signup and view all the answers

What is the miasmatic theory?

The belief that disease is caused by bad odors and decay. Signup and view all the answers

What is germ theory?

The theory that infectious diseases are caused by microbes. Signup and view all the answers

What is labor aristocracy?

The union of skilled workers in the working classes. Signup and view all the answers

What is the illegitimacy explosion?

A dramatic increase in the number of illegitimate births from 1750 to 1850. Signup and view all the answers

What are separate spheres?

The idea that men and women have different roles in society. Signup and view all the answers

Who was Sigmund Freud?

Austrian neurologist who originated psychoanalysis. Signup and view all the answers

What was the revolution of 1905?

A result of discontent among Russian factory workers and peasants. Signup and view all the answers

What was Bloody Sunday?

An incident where Russian soldiers opened fire on demonstrators in 1905. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

German Unification

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) was the Prussian chancellor who unified Germany through strategic wars and diplomacy, notably delivering the "blood and iron" speech emphasizing the importance of military and industrial strength.
The Ems Dispatch incited the Franco-Prussian War by provoking France through a message from Prussia's King William I to Napoleon III.
The North German Confederation emerged post-Austro-Prussian War, consolidating Prussia and 21 other German states under a unified government.

French Government and Politics

The Paris Commune represented a revolutionary government formed in Paris that sought independence from conservative leaders post-Franco-Prussian War but was ultimately quashed by the National Assembly.
The Dreyfus Affair highlighted anti-Semitism in France and the societal divide, while reinforcing the Third Republic by exposing royalist anti-government actions.
Emile Zola's "J'accuse" was a pivotal letter that condemned the French government for its handling of the Dreyfus case, stirring public outrage.

Italian Unification

Key figures in Italian unification included Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, who led nationalistic movements and military campaigns against foreign rule.
Victor Emmanuel II became the first king of a united Italy and was crucial in driving unification efforts through alliances and military actions, notably defeating Austrian dominance.
Camillo Cavour served as a prime minister and architect of unification, strengthening Piedmont-Sardinia and forming alliances with France.

Russian Reforms and Conflicts

Alexander II implemented reforms, including the emancipation of serfs, but was assassinated; his son Alexander III adopted repressive policies, including increased censorship and secret police action.
The Crimean War (1853-1856) highlighted Russia's need for industrialization and modernization after defeat by an alliance of Britain, France, and the Ottomans.

British Political Landscape

The British Parliament consists of two houses: the House of Lords, composed of hereditary nobles and clergy, and the House of Commons, representing the general population.
Key political figures like Benjamin Disraeli and William Gladstone focused on expanding the electorate and pushing for social reforms, including home rule for Ireland.

Nationalism and Imperialism

Nationalism fueled the aspirations of various ethnic groups seeking independence from foreign domination; this was evident in both the Irish Question and the Austro-Hungarian dual monarchy.
"Old imperialism" involved the establishment of trade routes through conquest from the 15th to 18th centuries, whereas "new imperialism" in the late 19th century involved more systematic colonization and exploitation of territories.

The term "separate spheres" encapsulated the traditional division of gender roles in society, emphasizing women's roles as homemakers and men's roles in business and politics.
Sigmund Freud's psychoanalytic theory introduced the concept of an internal conflict between the id, ego, and superego, fundamentally changing perspectives on human behavior and mental health.

Major Conflicts and Reactions

The October Manifesto (1905) was issued by Tsar Nicholas II in response to unrest, promising reforms but ultimately failing to quell revolutionary sentiments.
The 1905 revolution and events like Bloody Sunday marked significant turning points in Russian history, showcasing the population's growing discontent with autocracy.

Concepts in Economics and Politics

Classical economics suggested self-regulating markets, while realpolitik emphasized practical politics and power over moral principles.
The Corn Laws protected British agriculture but were repealed in 1846 after public outcry, illustrating the shifting dynamics between economic interests and legislative power.### Congo
Associated with King Leopold II of Belgium, known for his exploitation of the Congo Free State.

Scramble for Africa

Initiated by the Berlin Conference, where European powers divided Africa.
France focused on North Africa, establishing itself as the largest colonial power.
Great Britain targeted the most populous and resource-rich regions, particularly in Southern Africa.
Germany's colonization efforts were hindered by its late unification, concentrating on Eastern and Southwestern Africa.
Italy entered the contest later than other powers.

Realism

A cultural movement emphasizing the portrayal of everyday life, particularly the experiences of the urban working class.
Addressed themes often overlooked in prior imaginative literature.

Impressionism

Emerged alongside the invention of photography, seeking to provide an alternative to realistic representation.
Aimed to capture transient moments and personal impressions rather than static realism.

Post-Impressionism (Expressionism)

Extended the Impressionist focus on light and color by experimenting with more vivid colors and energetic brush strokes.
Emphasized imagination and emotional response over mere visual representation.

Spheres of Influence

Refers to regions where foreign powers exert political and economic control without direct governance.
A prime example is the influence of European countries and the U.S. in China.

October Diploma

Issued by Emperor Francis Joseph, proposed a federal system among German states with local governance by the landed classes.
This proposal faced rejection from the Hungarian Magyars, highlighting ethnic tensions within the empire.

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Explore key terms and concepts from Chapter 7 of your history class with these flashcards. Delve into the life of Bismarck and understand his famous 'Blood and Iron' speech that played a pivotal role in Germany's unification.