History Chapter 29 Flashcards

Key Terms and Definitions

• Nationalism: Significant pride in one’s nation; a catalyst for competition and conflict.
• Triple Entente: An alliance formed in 1907 between Britain, France, and Russia.
• Triple Alliance: Alliance between Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy aimed at isolating France.
• Militarism: A strategic focus on enhancing military might and readiness for conflict.
• The Schlieffen Plan: Germany's strategy in WWI to quickly defeat France before turning east to Russia.

Major Battles and Fronts

• The Western Front: A critical and heavily contested area in Northern France during WWI.
• The Eastern Front: The battlefield located along the German-Russian border.

War Efforts and Strategies

• Rationing: Implementation of limits on goods available to civilians during wartime.
• Propaganda: Biased information used to influence public opinion and morale toward the war effort.
• Total War: The concept of mobilizing all national resources for warfare.

Political Concepts

• Self-Determination: The principle that nations have the right to choose their own government.
• Fourteen Points: Proposed by Woodrow Wilson to establish a framework for lasting peace in Europe.

Peace Treaties and Agreements

• The Treaty of Versailles: A pivotal agreement to maintain peace post-WWI and impose penalties on Germany.

Notable Events and Consequences

• Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand: Occurred on June 28, 1914, sparking the beginning of WWI.
• Military Technologies in WWI: Introduction of advanced weaponry, including machine guns, poison gas, and tanks.
• No Man's Land: The dangerous territory between opposing trenches.

Military Engagements

• Allied Reinforcements at the Marne: Reached the front lines using taxi cabs for quick transport.
• Russian Soldier Shortages: Affected by under-industrialization, leading to shortages of critical supplies.

Casualties and Economic Impact

• Casualties: Approximately 5.5 million Russians lost due to war by mid-1917; a total of 8.5 million soldiers died and 21 million were injured overall.
• Financial Cost: Estimated war damage across Europe was about $338 billion.

Key Surrenders and End of War

• Central Powers Surrender: Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy surrendered before Bulgaria and the Ottomans.
• End of WWI: Officially concluded on November 11, 1918.

Significant Diplomatic Moves

• Zimmerman Note: Germany encouraged Mexico to join the war against the U.S. with promises of territorial recovery.
• Treaty of Brest-Litovsk: Signed by Lenin, it marked an agreement of truce between Russia and Germany.

Agreements and Organizations Post-War

• Armistice: A formal cessation of hostilities.
• Lusitania: Sinking of this ship by German U-boats escalated tensions with the U.S.
• The League of Nations: Intended to facilitate peaceful resolution of disputes, but the U.S. did not join.
• New Nations: Post-WWI independence recognized for Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia.

Post-War Punishments

• War Guilt Clause: Imposed severe penalties on Germany following the war.