History 10: The Dark Ages Review

Study Notes

The fall of the Holy Roman Empire led to the Middle Ages.
Medicine during the Middle Ages was not advanced, relying on supernatural superstitions, herbal remedies, bleeding, and purging.
The Black Death, or the Black Plague, was spread through rats, fleas, and human contact, and was highly deadly.
The plague originated from black rats that traveled to Europe on ships, and quickly spread to people living in cramped conditions, mainly through flea bites, but also through coughs and sneezes.
The Scientific Revolution, which took place in the 16th and 17th centuries, was a drastic change in scientific thought.
The Scientific Revolution led to the establishment of modern sciences and practices that are still relied on today.

Johannes Kepler: a German astronomer who discovered three major laws of planetary motion.
Nicolaus Copernicus: a Polish astronomer who formulated a heliocentric model of the universe, placing the sun at the center.
Galileo Galilei: an Italian thinker who improved the telescope, made astronomical observations, and put forward the basic principle of relativity in physics.
Isaac Newton: an English mathematician, physicist, and astronomer who discovered the laws of gravity.
Francis Bacon: an English philosopher who popularized the inductive reasoning methods that became known as the scientific method.

The Enlightenment was a period of rapid intellectual change in the 17th and 18th centuries that emphasized reason over superstition and science over blind faith.
The Scientific Revolution laid the foundations for the Enlightenment, which centered on reason as the primary source of authority and legitimacy.
Adam Smith: an Enlightenment thinker who founded Capitalism.
John Locke: an Enlightenment thinker who founded Liberalism and believed in the right to life, liberty, and property.
Thomas Hobbes: an Enlightenment thinker who believed humans were naturally selfish, wicked, and evil.

The American Revolution was sparked by American colonists being upset over issues like taxation without representation.
The 13 original colonies were: Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia.
The primary difference between the economies in the southern colonies and the northern colonies was that the southern colonies had large plantations that grew tobacco or cotton and required slave labor, while the northern colonies had small family farms and relied heavily on the ocean.
The Declaration of Independence was written by the Founding Fathers, including Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, Robert Livingston, Roger Sherman, and Thomas Jefferson, and declared the 13 colonies' independence from Britain.
Two key rights in the Declaration of Independence are the right to life and the pursuit of happiness.
Americans celebrate Independence Day on July 4.

The French Revolution was sparked by the bourgeoisie resenting their exclusion from positions of power, peasants being aware of their lowly place in society, and philosophes arguing for social reform.
The French Revolution began with the Storming of Bastille, an event that marked the beginning of the end of the monarchy.
Prior to the French Revolution, the political system in place was a monarchy.
The execution of Louis XVI symbolized the end of an unbroken thousand-year period of monarchy in France and the true beginning of democracy.

The Reign of Terror was a period of the French Revolution when, following the creation of the First Republic, a series of massacres and numerous public executions took place in response to revolutionary fervor, anticlerical sentiment, and accusations of treason.
The Reign of Terror was significant in France as it marked a period of great violence and upheaval.

The Industrial Revolution took place in Britain in the 18th century and spread to other parts of the world, approximately between 1760-1840.
Examples of technology developed during the Industrial Revolution include the assembly line, telegraph, steam engine, sewing machine, spinning jenny, electric lamp, electromagnet, and internal combustion engine.
Examples of industries that developed during the Industrial Revolution include manufacturing, transportation, agriculture, healthcare, and mining.
Working conditions in factories during the Industrial Revolution were often harsh, with long hours, unsafe conditions, and health hazards.

The Industrial Revolution created economic growth and offered new opportunities, but it also had significant downsides, including damage to the environment and health and safety hazards, as well as squalid living conditions for workers and their families.