Historiography Branches Overview
54 Questions
0 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which branch of history primarily explores artistic expressions and considers the materials used and the backgrounds of the artists?

  • History of science
  • Diplomatic history
  • Economic history
  • History of arts (correct)

    • What is a significant challenge often faced by historians specializing in diplomatic history?

  • The abundance of easily accessible primary sources
  • Lack of interest from the general public
  • A limited scope of influence on global events
  • The secrecy surrounding government records (correct)

    • Which historical perspective is most likely to challenge traditional narratives by focusing on individuals typically excluded from mainstream historical accounts?

  • Diplomatic history
  • Women's history (correct)
  • Military history
  • Economic history

    • Why does writing the 'world history' risk reflecting a biased portrayal of historical events?

    <p>Because most historical accounts are written from the perspective of the elite (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what way did a divide emerge between economics and history in the 20th century?

    <p>There was increasing specialization; economics focused on models, while history studied past economies. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact did vast oceanic distances have on Spanish colonization?

    <p>They led to increased colonial independence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following was established to manage Spanish territories by 1535?

    <p>Office of the Viceroy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Council of the Indies founded in 1524?

    <p>Manage military and religious affairs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How were the large territories governed under the Spanish colonial system?

    <p>By appointed viceroys managing Audiencias. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What administrative units emerged as the Indigenous population declined?

    <p>Corregimientos and Audiencias (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary characteristic of the 'Renaissance Man' ideal?

    <p>Excelling in various fields beyond the average person. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of the Italian City States during the Renaissance?

    <p>They fostered economic and political changes with the rise of a merchant class and early forms of diplomacy. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stance did Humanism take on religion during the Renaissance?

    <p>It often had a secular focus, valuing knowledge and emphasizing the 'living world', but faced challenges like religious division. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the Medici family primarily gain influence during the Renaissance?

    <p>Through banking, strategic alliances, and patronage of the arts and knowledge. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is Lucrezia Tornabuoni de Medici primarily known for?

    <p>Writing literary works in Florentine vernacular and adapting biblical heroines. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural innovation is Filippo Brunelleschi credited with?

    <p>Inventing linear perspective to create 3D space on a flat surface. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was Niccolo Machiavelli's primary contribution to political thought?

    <p>Developing 'The Prince' as a practical study of the modern state and leadership. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant social consequence of the Black Death in Europe?

    <p>Increased freedom and bargaining power for the surviving labor force. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What general role were women expected to have during the Renaissance, regardless of social class?

    <p>Primary focus on being wives and mothers, managing the household. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a commonality between women of peasant, middle, and upper classes during the Renaissance?

    <p>They faced limitations on their independence and were considered subordinate to men. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Lucrezia Borgia gain power and influence, according to the content?

    <p>Primarily through her father's, Pope Alexander VI, political machinations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what key ways did Isabella d'Este contribute to society during the Renaissance?

    <p>Through influential governance, patronage of the arts, and support for economic development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterized the architectural style of the Renaissance?

    <p>Adaptation of classical ideals and approaches by studying classical monuments. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the Renaissance, what was the attitude towards slavery in Florence after the Black Death?

    <p>There was an increase in slavery due to a shortage of workers. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the Catholic Church play in Europe after the fall of the Roman Empire?

    <p>The church became the centre of power. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What architectural feature is a characteristic of churches built during the time of Giorgia Maggiore?

    <p>Statues and carvings decorating the building's exterior (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the followings are considered features of Renaissance art?

    <p>Use of advanced artistic techniques to create realistic, three dimensional portrayals (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did the Roman Catholic Church take in response to growing calls for reform?

    <p>Ignoring the concerns of the people, and trying to get rid of any oposition (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Martin Luther's concept of salvation differ from the Catholic Church's teachings at the time?

    <p>Luther said unwavering faith was the only way to being saved, unlike good works and clergy intervention which were preeched. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a primary focus of the Jesuit Order, founded by Ignatius Loyola?

    <p>Dedication to education, missionary work, and spiritual guidance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following figures from the Scientific Revolution is known for proposing the heliocentric model of the universe?

    <p>Nicolaus Copernicus (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What motivated Prince Henry of Portugal to explore and expand Portuguese influence in Africa?

    <p>To discover and exploit gold, facilitate trade, and expand Christianity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the significance of Vasco de Gama's expedition to India?

    <p>It marked the beginning of European maritime dominance and colonialism in the Indian Ocean (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why was Christopher Columbus's voyage significant, despite the fact that he did not discover a new route to Asia?

    <p>It initiated European exploration and colonization of the Americas (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the Doctrine of Discovery, and how did it impact Indigenous peoples?

    <p>Legal and religious concept justifying European colonial conquest and stripped Idigenous peoples of their rights (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of Aztec society?

    <p>Known for military power and cerimonial architecture (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did diseases brought by Europeans affect the indigenous populations of the Americas?

    <p>Leading to significant declines in population due to lack of immunity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following actions contributed to the growing need for reform within the church?

    <p>Desire for the church to have more genuine values (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the primary purpose of selling letters of indulgences by the Catholic Church?

    <p>To give you a pardon for sins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the purpose of the Counter-Reformation led by the Catholic church?

    <p>New orders established and dedicated to educating women (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did viceroys play in the administration of colonial territories?

    <p>They received orders from the Council of the Indies. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a consequence of the sale of municipal positions in colonial administration?

    <p>It encouraged long-term occupation of positions and limited advancement. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What food staple became particularly important for the peasant population in South America?

    <p>Maize (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did the introduction of European animals impact the Indigenous population's lifestyle?

    <p>It caused damage to their fields and disrupted their agriculture. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What marked the end of the Habsburg elite privileges for Indigenous people?

    <p>The ending of royal officials appointed from the Indigenous elite. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant outcome of the Tupac Amaru rebellion?

    <p>It claimed the lives of approximately 100,000 Indigenous and 10,000 Spanish. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What transformation occurred in the Dahomey Kingdom after the end of the slave trade?

    <p>Economic decline due to the lack of slaves. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Tassi Hangbe's rule challenge societal norms in the Dahomey Kingdom?

    <p>She was accepted as a female leader despite resistance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which strategy emphasized that legitimate government authority is derived from the consent of the governed?

    <p>Social contract theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was the main social structure feature of the Dahomey Kingdom?

    <p>Strict social hierarchy with lifelong military training. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the Royal administration in Peru use to suppress riots?

    <p>Forces and a display of military might. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one result of Phillip II selling appointments in colonial administration?

    <p>It resulted in the rise of inexperienced individuals in important roles. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What animal had a significant impact on agriculture and ecosystems during European colonization?

    <p>Cattle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key factor in the King of Dahomey's power during the 18th/19th centuries?

    <p>Tribute payments to the Yoruba Kingdom. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Historiography Branches

    • History of Arts: Examines artistic expressions (architecture, sculpture, painting, literature). Considers materials, artists' backgrounds, and influences.
    • Biography: Often focuses on notable individuals, especially male leaders or women persecuted for beliefs. Reflects societal biases.
    • Diplomatic History: Faces challenges due to secret government records; relies on declassified documents, which political passions can affect.
    • Economic History: Examines interactions of social classes and their economic impacts (e.g., the Industrial Revolution), with economics and history becoming separate in the 20th century.
    • Military History: Focuses on battle strategies and experiences of participants (soldiers and civilians).
    • Political History: A crucial aspect of historiography. Requires qualitative data for comprehensive understanding of political actions, potentially leading to exclusivity.
    • History of Science: Part of intellectual history. Examines if historians have the scientific knowledge to accurately portray scientific questions and processes. Often written by scientists.
    • Women's History: Suffered from exclusion within academic institutions and historical silencing. Focused on women in traditionally male roles (e.g., Emily Murphy).
    • World History: Examines whose perspective it's written from; important to understand the context of "The West and the World." Origins of three major world religions (Christianity, Islam, Judaism) in the Middle East. Focuses on elite voices versus silenced ones.
    • The Renaissance: A period of rebirth, revival of art and literature, heavily influenced by Classical Greece and Rome.
    • Renaissance Man: Focus on human nature, accomplishment, learning, craftsmanship, and civic responsibility.

    The Middle Ages/Dark Ages

    • Period following the fall of the Roman Empire (5th-14th centuries).
    • Marked by the Black Death in the 14th century.
    • Arts, written language, and scientific development were put aside. The Catholic Church replaced the Roman Empire as the central power in Europe.

    Italian City-States

    • Experienced significant economic and political change.
    • Rise of the working/merchant class and growth of businesses/trade.
    • This economic shift moved away from land ownership to trade, credit, and open markets.
    • Cities grew, and Florence became the center of the Italian Renaissance.
    • Merchants shared wealth and power with the nobility.

    Humanism

    • Often seen as a rejection of religion.
    • Emphasized the "living world" and valued knowledge.
    • Had a secular focus encouraging non-religious studies.
    • Faced various challenges including cultural conflicts, religious division, wars, etc.

    The Medici Family

    • Sought knowledge from the ancient world, often located in churches.
    • The Medici bank was a smaller operation focusing on loyalty, not just money.
    • Received trust and power from the 1410's Pope. Supported the Pope in order to grow their power and money.
    • Revolutionized art, finance, and politics, profoundly influencing European culture.

    Cosimo de Medici

    • Accused of treason, facing execution, but was spared.
    • Banishment and imprisonment for his family and allies, leading to major economic disruptions.
    • Eventually returned to power after opposing force went too far. Characterized as controlling all aspects of Florentine life.

    Lucrezia Tornabuoni de Medici

    • Known for literary works in Florentine vernacular (not Latin).
    • Her works have been challenged as anti-humanist, though they adapted biblical heroines.
    • This challenged women's roles. Key works include "Judith" and "Hester."

    Filippo Brunelleschi

    • Invented linear perspective (3D space).
    • Made the statue of David. Self-taught with an unorthodox style.
    • Medici's support and funding sparked an architectural revolution across Europe.
    • Imprisoned by a rival family (Albizzi).

    Leonardo da Vinci

    • Inventor, artist, and author. Skilled in mathematics and science.

    Niccolò Machiavelli

    • Civil servant, Second Chancellor, and Secretary of War for Florence.
    • Wrote "The Prince," a guide for leaders addressing threats from external powers.
    • Remains influential in political thought and leadership studies.

    The Black Death

    • Catalyst for change, devastating Europe's population.
    • Caused the nobility to grant freedom to serfs to maintain labor.
    • Europe lost over half of its population.
    • Increased labor demands and lower rents resulted from reduced worker numbers.

    Social Structure (Renaissance)

    • Significant changes in urban areas.
    • Labor shortages led to increased slavery, mainly of black cultures, considered property and with no civil rights.
    • Four social classes in Florence: Nobles, Merchants, Middle Class, and Lower Class.

    Women in the Renaissance

    • Denied political rights and viewed as subjects of fathers/husbands.
    • Forced to be housewives regardless of social class (peasant, middle class, or upper class).
    • Educated women (usually upper class) had servants.
    • Women lacked independence (unless married).

    Lucrezia Borgia

    • Daughter of Pope Alexander VI, used as a political pawn.
    • Married multiple times; suspected of having her first two husbands eliminated for political gain.

    Isabella d'Este

    • Female counterpart to the Renaissance Man.
    • Influential in criminal law, justice system, agriculture, and public health.
    • Spoke Greek & Latin and memorized/translated classical scholars.
    • Acted as co-regent and patron of the arts.

    Architecture & Decor

    • Based on classical antiquity.
    • Adapted classical ideals and approaches by studying classical monuments.
    • Examples: S. Giorgia Maggiore Church (columns, classical build), Florentine arch (taller center, pointed, segmental), Palazzo Medici (heavy bottom level, refined middle, graceful top level).

    Art (Medieval vs. Renaissance)

    • Medieval: Religious focus, symbolic, flat representations, church-centric, limited techniques, and spiritual themes.
    • Renaissance: Human-centered, realistic, advanced techniques, celebrated artists, reflected societal changes, introduced perspective and anatomy.

    Reformation

    • Renaissance - a period of thinking and change.
    • Church officials were in power, with corruption.
    • New independent ideas, need for reform in religious authority.
    • Roman Catholic Church tried to suppress opposition and failed to address concerns.

    Reasons for Reformation

    • Church revenue from selling church offices.
    • Sale of indulgences (pardons for sins) and eventually money placed in lieu of good deeds.

    Martin Luther

    • German professor and monk.
    • Developed salvation through faith alone, not good works/clergy.
    • Wrote the 95 Theses, challenging indulgences, sparking the Protestant Reformation.

    Catholic Church Reform

    • 16th Century. Papacy recognized need for change.
    • New religious orders and convents focused on educating women were established.

    Jesuit Order

    • Founded by Ignatius Loyola (soldier turned "Soldier of God").
    • Dedicated to education, missionary work, and spiritual guidance, emphasizing obedience to the Pope.
    • Significant role in the Counter-Reformation.

    Scientific Revolution

    • Broke from religious teachings. Advancements in astronomy, physics, and medicine.
    • Key figures: Copernicus, Newton, Galileo, Bacon.
    • Challenges to the Church's geocentric model.

    European Exploration (South America)

    • Often brought limited European knowledge to vast cultures.
    • Influenced by Crusaders, Marco Polo's journeys, and Portuguese explorations of West Africa.
    • Driven by desire for resources, spices, gold, and knowledge.

    Portuguese Exploration

    • Expansion south into Africa.
    • Prince Henry the Navigator.
    • Trade in gold, slaves, and ivory.
    • Vasco de Gama's expedition to India via Cape of Good Hope, establishing a sea route.

    Spanish Exploration

    • Christopher Columbus, sponsored by the Spanish Crown.
    • Initiated European exploration and colonization of the Americas, impacting Indigenous peoples and resources.
    • Exploitation of silver and gold.
    • Doctrine of Discovery justified colonization.

    Indigenous Groups (Americas)

    • Mayan, Aztec, and Inca Empires were advanced societies with specialized skills and cultures.
    • Their empires collapsed due to European conquest and disease. Faced forced labor and disease.

    Disease Impact

    • Smallpox and other diseases devastated Indigenous populations in the Americas.

    Distance Challenges (Spanish Colonization)

    • Communication challenges due to vast distances; led to increased colonial independence.
    • Administrative offices established.

    Colonial Systems

    • Viceroyalty divided into smaller Audiencias.
    • Council of the Indies oversaw colonial affairs.
    • Viceroys received orders and had limited independence.

    Sale of Appointments

    • Crown bankruptcy led to the sale of offices at all levels.
    • Municipal offices sold first.
    • Hereditary component.

    Trade Imports (Europe to South America)

    • Columbian second voyage. Plants and animals (wheat, olive oil, wine, meat, cheese, pigs, sheep, goats, chickens, cattle) introduced.

    Indigenous Response to Imports

    • Limited indigenous knowledge or use of domesticated animals.
    • Forced to grow European foods as tribute.

    Resistance in Colonial Peru

    • Rise of anti-colonial rebellions like Tupac Amaru's.

    Habsburg to Bourbon Control

    • Indigenous elite privileges changed. Riots increased under leadership changes.
    • Rioters fought for the revival of the Incan Empire, wanting Indigenous sovereignty. Decisions made in Spain had economic impacts.

    Tupac Amaru Rebellion

    • High death toll (100,000 Indigenous and 10,000 Spanish).
    • Fought for the King and God, preserving churches.

    Africa (Dahomey Kingdom)

    • 18th and 19th centuries, modern-day Benin.
    • Origin from Allada and its three brothers.
    • Absolute monarchy; strong military, including the Amazons (all-female warrior unit).
    • Fought against other kingdoms and the French. Lost independence in 1892.
    • Ended slave trade and shifted to palm oil.

    The Forgotten Queen (Tassi Hangbe)

    • Ruled for 3 years.
    • Faced resistance from men in her kingdom.

    John Locke's Ideas

    • Empiricism (knowledge from experience).
    • Social contract theory (legitimate government from consent). Influenced modern democratic governments and individual rights.

    Studying That Suits You

    Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

    Quiz Team

    Description

    Explore the various branches of historiography, including the history of arts, biography, diplomatic history, and more. This quiz delves into how each field examines different aspects of human activity and its impact on societal narratives. Test your knowledge on how these branches interconnect and influence our understanding of history.

    More Like This

    Use Quizgecko on...
    Browser
    Open
    Browser
    Browser