Historical Perspectives on Civilization Definitions

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According to Arnold J. Toynbee, how did he define civilization?

A social order characterized by the growth of cities, specialization of labor, centralized government, and intellectual and artistic achievements.

A society with a large population, complex social organization, advanced technology, and a system of writing.

A network of human relationships encompassing culture, politics, economics, and technology.

A society governed by a centralized authority with a city as the center of political, economic, and cultural life. (correct)

How did Lewis Mumford describe civilization?

A social order characterized by the growth of cities, specialization of labor, centralized government, and intellectual and artistic achievements.

A network of human relationships encompassing culture, politics, economics, and technology. (correct)

A cultural entity characterized by common language, religion, values, customs, institutions, and historical experience.

A society with a large population, complex social organization, advanced technology, and a system of writing.

Which aspect is NOT part of Will Durant's view of civilization?

Specialization of labor

Centralized government

Common language (correct)

Intellectual and artistic achievements

What did Jared Diamond emphasize in his definition of civilization?

System of writing Signup and view all the answers

According to Samuel P. Huntington, what is a key characteristic of civilization?

Common language Signup and view all the answers

Which historian emphasized the importance of advanced technology in defining civilization?

Jared Diamond Signup and view all the answers

Where did Homo erectus likely migrate out of?

Africa Signup and view all the answers

What is a distinctive feature of Neanderthals?

Complex toolmaking techniques Signup and view all the answers

Where did Homo sapiens first emerge?

Africa Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant milestone in human history related to agriculture?

Transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture Signup and view all the answers

Which geographical region witnessed the earliest known agricultural practices?

Fertile Crescent Signup and view all the answers

Where did the world's first complex societies arise?

Mesopotamia Signup and view all the answers

What factors are believed to have contributed to the decline of Minoan civilization?

Earthquakes and the eruption of Thera Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Linear B in Mycenaean civilization?

It revealed administrative and economic records Signup and view all the answers

Which structures are characteristic of Mycenaean architecture?

Tholos Tombs Signup and view all the answers

Where was the Trojan War believed to have taken place?

Between Mycenaeans and the city of Troy Signup and view all the answers

What factors contributed to the decline of Mycenaean civilization?

Invasion of the Sea Peoples, internal strife, and economic disruptions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the urban planning of Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro?

Grid-like street layouts, public buildings, and advanced infrastructure Signup and view all the answers

Who led the Athenians to victory in the Battle of Marathon against the Persian Empire?

Miltiades Signup and view all the answers

Which king of Sparta led a small force of Greek soldiers at the Battle of Thermopylae?

Leonidas Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of Salamis between the Greeks and the Persians?

Greek victory Signup and view all the answers

Which Persian king was defeated by the Greeks at the Battle of Salamis?

Xerxes I Signup and view all the answers

What role did Darius I play in the Greco-Persian Wars?

Head of the Persian Empire Signup and view all the answers

What significant impact did the Battle of Marathon have on Greek independence?

It preserved Greek independence from Persian rule Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the peak of the Indus Valley Civilization during the Flourishing Period?

Urbanization, advanced city planning, and trade networks Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization is known for its advanced mathematics, astronomy, architecture, and hieroglyphic writing system?

Maya Civilization Signup and view all the answers

What are the reasons debated for the decline of the Indus Valley Civilization during the Decline and Disappearance period?

Environmental changes, drought, natural disasters, and/or invasion by outside groups Signup and view all the answers

What is a notable feature of the Olmec Civilization that influenced later cultures?

Colossal stone heads Signup and view all the answers

Where did the Olmec Civilization flourish geographically?

Gulf Coast region of present-day Mexico Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Aztec Empire in central Mexico?

Militaristic society, complex social structure, and monumental architecture Signup and view all the answers