Historical Context of the First Cry of Revolution

The Katipunan had three levels, each with its own color: Katipon (black, lowest), Kawal (green, middle), and Bayani (red, highest). This structure allowed for a hierarchical organisation and denoted a member's progress and commitment.

The "Kartilya ng Katipunan" was an 1892 document written by Andres Bonifacio, serving as a moral compass and guiding principles for Katipuneros. It contained 14 guidelines promoting patriotism, brotherhood, justice, honesty, and sacrifice.

The "Decalogue" was a set of 10 rules written by Andres Bonifacio in 1892. It aimed to instill loyalty, honesty, patriotism, and selflessness in the Katipunan members. It was a shorter version of the Kartilya.

The Katipunan was established by Andres Bonifacio on July 7, 1892, in the house of Deodato Arellano in Azcarraga (now Recto Avenue). This marked the beginning of a secret revolutionary society aiming for Philippine independence.

Women actively participated in the Katipunan. Prominent figures like Gregoria de Jesus (Oriang), wife of Andres Bonifacio, and Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora) provided support, served as safe havens for revolutionaries, and contributed to the movement's success.

The First Cry of Revolution, on August 23, 1896, marked the beginning of the Philippine Revolution. While traditionally attributed to Balintawak, recent historical evidence points to Pugad Lawin as its actual location.

The 'First Cry' was triggered due to the Katipunan's exposure on August 19, 1896. The Spanish authorities started cracking down on suspected rebels. The Katipuneros, facing imminent capture, decided to revolt.

Teodoro Patino was a member of Katipunan who, due to a disagreement regarding wages with his fellow member, Apolonio dela Cruz, revealed the Katipunan's existence to the Spanish authorities. His action significantly contributed to the escalation of the revolution.

Apolonio dela Cruz was a Katipunan member who, along with Teodoro Patino, worked at the printing press of 'Diario de Manila.' Their disagreement regarding wages ultimately led to Patino's betrayal and exposure of the Katipunan, impacting the course of the revolution.

The 'First Cry' was a significant event in Philippine history marked by the beginning of the revolution against Spanish colonialism. It was triggered by the exposure of the Katipunan through the actions of Teodoro Patino, leading to the inevitable clash between the Katipuneros and the Spanish authorities.

There are three main historical accounts of the First Cry of Revolution, each from the perspective of different Katipunan leaders: Dr. Pio Valenzuela, Santiago Alvarez, and Guillermo Masangkay.

Dr. Pio Valenzuela describes the First Cry as happening on August 23, 1896, at Pugad Lawin, where Katipuneros tore their cedulas and shouted "Long Live the Philippines!"

Santiago Alvarez, a Magdiwang leader, places the First Cry on August 24, 1896, at Bahay Toro, where a gathering of Katipuneros planned the revolution.

Guillermo Masangkay, a Katipunero general, puts the First Cry on August 26, 1896, at Balintawak, with a focus on the debate and decision to start the revolution.

Two factions within the Katipunan, Magdiwang and Magdalo, emerged during the Philippine Revolution. Magdiwang, led by Mariano Alvarez, was based in Cavite, while Magdalo, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, operated in the same region.

An assembly held in March 1897, where representatives from the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions met to form a revolutionary government and elect new leaders.

Emilio Aguinaldo, leader of Magdalo, was elected President, while Mariano Trias, Magdiwang leader, became Vice-President. Andres Bonifacio, founder of the Katipunan, was elected Director of the Interior.

Bonifacio, despite being the founder of the Katipunan, was assigned a lesser position. He presided over the elections but felt betrayed by the results and believed the process was rigged.

During the Tejeros Assembly, Daniel Tirona, a Magdalo member, insulted Bonifacio, questioning his qualifications for the position of Minister of the Interior. This ignited tensions and contributed to the eventual declaration of the elections as null and void.

The Tejeros Assembly revealed the deep-seated tensions between the Magdiwang and Magdalo factions, highlighting their rivalries and conflicting interests.

Santiago Alvarez, a Magdiwang leader, focused on the sense of betrayal by the Magdalo faction and the disrespect shown to Bonifacio's authority.

Artemio Ricarte, a Magdalo member, highlights the unfair election process and the perception that the Magdalo faction manipulated the results to their advantage.

Andres Bonifacio believed the election was rigged against him, and he declared it null and void due to Tirona's insulting remarks and his own sense of being undermined.

A truce agreement signed in 1897 between the Spanish colonial government and Filipino revolutionaries led by Emilio Aguinaldo. It aimed to temporarily end the First Philippine Republic and allow Aguinaldo and his supporters to go into exile in Hong Kong. The pact was largely seen as a way to buy time for Spain to regroup and regain control.

The official declaration of independence of the Philippines from Spanish rule, proclaimed by Emilio Aguinaldo on June 12, 1898, in Kawit, Cavite. This marked a pivotal moment in Philippine history, signifying the end of Spanish colonial rule and the birth of the First Philippine Republic.

He drafted the Act of Proclamation of Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898. The act formally declared the independence of the Philippines from Spanish colonial rule.

A town in Cavite where the first Filipino flag was raised on May 28, 1898. This was a major symbolic victory for the Filipinos as they gained control of a significant area from the Spanish.

A town in Cavite where Emilio Aguinaldo proclaimed Philippine Independence on June 12, 1898. This is a historically significant location where the Filipino people formally declared their freedom from Spanish rule.

Taxation refers to the imposition of mandatory levies (taxes) on individuals or entities by governments, primarily in every country.

National Taxes are levied by the national government and apply across the entire country. They are collected by the BIR and are essential for funding national projects and services.

Local Taxes are imposed by local governments (LGUs) and apply only within specific areas. They are used to fund local services like schools and infrastructure.

National Taxes have a broader scope, applying to the whole country, while Local Taxes are specific to particular areas.

National Taxes are collected by the BIR (Bureau of Internal Revenue) while Local Taxes are handled by LGUs (Local Government Units).

National Taxes fund national government projects and services, while Local Taxes fund local services.

The Philippines has had several constitutions, reflecting different political systems. Key ones include the 1973 Constitution (under Martial Law, Parliamentary in form), the Freedom Constitution (1986), and the currently active 1987 Constitution.

The Philippine government has three core branches: Legislative (makes laws), Executive (enforces laws), and Judicial (interprets laws).

Taxation serves various purposes for governments: resource allocation, income redistribution, and economic stability. Examples include national taxes like income tax and local taxes like property tax.

It is a tax paid by individuals and businesses based on their earnings. It is a major source of government revenue.

A consumption tax added to the price of goods and services.

It is a tax applied to specific goods and services such as alcohol, tobacco, and petroleum products.

A tax paid annually by property owners, calculated based on the value of their property.

This is a tax paid by businesses, often calculated as a percentage of their gross sales or receipts.

An entrance fee paid by individuals and businesses to the local community.

Local governments can charge additional taxes, such as amusement taxes or professional taxes, and various service fees.

The US Cruiser McCulloch transported Emilio Aguinaldo back to the Philippines on May 19, 1898, signifying the US's involvement in the Philippine Revolution and setting the stage for the eventual American colonization of the Philippines.

Ambrosio Rianzares Bautista was the Auditor General of War who was appointed as a special commissioner and wrote the Act of the Declaration of Independence of the Philippines on June 12, 1898.

While both were revolutionary governments, the Malolos Republic established a more robust political structure with distinct branches: judiciary, legislative, and executive. It also strengthened the legislative body's power and created a more democratic revision, giving greater voice to the Filipinos.

It marked the beginning of the Commonwealth Period in the Philippines, where the country gained a degree of autonomy under the US. This constitution established the framework for Philippine government until the 1973 Constitution.

Filipinization is a policy that encouraged Filipinos to take leadership roles in government, education, and other sectors. It was part of the American effort to prepare the Philippines for eventual independence.

One major challenge was achieving true independence from the US, while also dealing with cultural and economic adjustments. Additionally, the Philippines faced internal political instability and tension between different factions.

It was a landmark law that granted the Philippines greater autonomy and promised eventual independence. It also established a Philippine assembly with greater legislative power, further paving the way for self-rule.

The Second Philippine Republic (1943 Constitution) was a condensed version of the 1935 Constitution, established under Japanese occupation. It aimed to legitimize the puppet government, but lacked the legitimacy and popular support of the first republic.

The executive branch is responsible for enforcing laws, executing policies, and overseeing government operations. It comprises the president, vice president, governors, mayors, and barangay officials.

The Philippine Constitution serves as the supreme law of the land, providing the framework for the nation's government, outlining the rights and responsibilities of citizens, and establishing the fundamental principles that guide the country's development.