Historical Antecedents and Science in the Philippines
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Questions and Answers

Which feature is associated with the Maya civilization?

  • Quipu
  • Irrigation system
  • Chinampa
  • Two complicated calendar systems (correct)

What was the primary method of communication used by the Inca civilization?

  • Written language
  • Oral tradition
  • Symbolic art
  • Quipu (correct)

Which of the following innovations is attributed to ancient China?

  • Suspension bridge
  • Antispasmodic medication
  • Iron plough (correct)
  • Lunar calendar

In the context of science, which aspect is NOT considered a part of its definition?

<p>Science as a political activity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What significant contribution did the civilizations of the Middle East provide to the development of science?

<p>Scientific method (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization is known for the development of geometry for agriculture?

<p>Egyptian civilization (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of the Scientific Revolution?

<p>Understanding nature as a machine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which civilization is associated with the agricultural technique known as chinampa?

<p>Aztec civilization (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant aim of the Department of Public Instruction during the education initiative in the Philippines?

<p>To offer free primary education utilizing English (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one outcome of the Commonwealth period in the Philippines?

<p>Government corporations were established (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which department is responsible for supervising basic education in the Philippines?

<p>Department of Education and Culture (DepEd) (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major external influence affected the Philippines during the Commonwealth period?

<p>Japanese military intervention (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes a paradigm shift in scientific activity?

<p>The emergence of a new paradigm replacing an older one (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which revolution marked a significant change in the understanding of the universe's structure?

<p>The Copernican Revolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which internal influence is NOT listed as shaping Filipino society?

<p>Technological advancement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary goal of the Philippine Commonwealth period?

<p>To reduce foreign influence in trade (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was a key factor in the advancement of science during the seventeenth century?

<p>Partnership with mathematical and astronomical communities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did early Filipinos understand natural phenomena?

<p>By observing superstitions related to animism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the main focus of primary education during the Spanish regime in the Philippines?

<p>Religious instruction and clerical preparation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which institution played a significant role in validating the field of science in the seventeenth century?

<p>British Royal Society (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What method did seventeenth-century scientists decide was inadequate for their work?

<p>Medieval experimental methods (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact did the American regime have on science in the Philippines?

<p>It fostered significant advancements in science and technology. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did the legacy of European, Greek, and Middle Eastern scientific philosophy provide to academics in the seventeenth century?

<p>A foundation for developing new ideologies (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What practice prevented early Filipinos from effectively observing natural phenomena?

<p>Beliefs in spiritual entities and superstitions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the main goals of the Philippine Development Plan (2017-2022)?

<p>To build a prosperous, predominantly middle-class society (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which program aims to improve weather forecasting capability in the Philippines?

<p>Doppler Radars (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the Balik Scientist Act primarily focus on?

<p>Strengthening scientific and technological human resources (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which key area of the Philippine Development Plan focuses on reducing inequality?

<p>Inequality-reducing transformation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the RA 7687 Scholarship Program?

<p>Providing scholarships to deserving science students (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the Philippine Space Agency is correct?

<p>It assists in creating national and international space policies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How has technology impacted mortality rates, particularly in women and children during childbirth?

<p>Reduced mortality rates through improved medical care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What underlying vision guides the goals of the Philippine Development Plan?

<p>A life that is matatag, maginhawa, at panatag (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the preconscious mind consist of?

<p>Thoughts that can be easily recalled into consciousness. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of the mind contains feelings, thoughts, and memories that are outside of our conscious awareness?

<p>The unconscious mind (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the id operate according to?

<p>The pleasure principle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role does the ego play in Freud's theory?

<p>It makes decisions and mediates between the id and superego. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What function does the superego serve?

<p>It represents our internalized moral standards. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the conscious mind?

<p>It includes thoughts and feelings that we can discuss rationally. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of the ego according to Freud's theory?

<p>To achieve a balance between the id, superego, and real-life circumstances. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a goal outlined in the Philippine policies for 2030?

<p>To end poverty and hunger everywhere. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary reasons people now have longer average lifespans compared to the past?

<p>Enhanced living conditions and remedies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does access to education influence society according to the content?

<p>It promotes a more informed public (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a higher Gross Domestic Product (GDP) typically indicate?

<p>High productivity and technology presence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Plato, what exists in the Realm of Forms?

<p>Abstract, perfect concepts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the concept of Telos refer to in Aristotle's philosophy?

<p>The inherent purpose or ultimate goal of an entity (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the foundation of John Stuart Mill's greatest happiness principle?

<p>Maximizing happiness for the greatest number (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what way does the concept of human flourishing relate to philosophical perspectives?

<p>It is influenced by various philosophical ideas (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements aligns with Aristotle's view of reality?

<p>Reality is grounded in the tangible physical world (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Historical Antecedents

Factors that led to advanced scientific and technological advancements.

Mesoamerican Civilizations

Ancient civilizations in Central America, including Maya, Inca, and Aztec.

Scientific Revolution

A transition in science emphasizing reason, observation, and experimentation.

Science as an idea

Systematic explanations of the natural world.

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Science as an intellectual activity

Systematic study of the natural world using observation & experimentation.

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Science as a body of knowledge

The accumulated facts and explanations of the natural world (school science).

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Science as a social activity

Shared practice to understand the world (science in daily life).

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Development of Science in Asia

Accumulated scientific knowledge and inventions from India, China and Middle East.

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17th Century Scientific Collaboration

Scientists, mathematicians, and astronomers worked together to advance knowledge in various fields during the 17th century.

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Medieval Experimental Methods

Experimental methods used in the Middle Ages were considered insufficient by scientists during the 17th century.

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Scientific Philosophy Legacy

Scientists and philosophers in the 17th century had access to existing European, Greek, and Middle Eastern scientific knowledge and ideas.

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Scientific Validation Institutions

Institutions like the British Royal Society helped to establish science as a credible field by publishing scientific work.

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Precolonial Filipino Beliefs

Early Filipinos practiced animism, attributing spiritual qualities to objects and natural phenomena.

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Animism in Precolonial Philippines

Belief that spirits reside in natural objects and phenomena, guiding daily life.

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Spanish Regime Primary Education

Primary education under the Spanish regime was largely focused on religious instruction delivered by missionaries.

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American Regime Scientific Advancements

The American regime saw significant progress in science and technology in the Philippines.

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Commonwealth Period Goal

The Philippines aimed for economic self-reliance during the Commonwealth period, but failed due to American control over foreign trade and the disruption from Japanese occupation.

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Copernican Revolution

Shifting from the Earth-centered to the Sun-centered model of the universe.

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Public Education in the Philippines

A project providing free primary education, mostly taught in English in the Philippines

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Paradigm Shift

A significant change in scientific thinking when new evidence contradicts previous assumptions.

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Department of Public Instruction

The Filipino department responsible for public education.

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Period since Independence

This period saw the establishment of DepEd and DOST for Filipino learning institutions and science and technology, respectively

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External Influences

Factors outside of the Philippines that influenced its development (foreign colonizers, trades, etc.).

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Internal Influences

Factors inside the Philippines, like culture, survival needs, goals, and social problems, which influenced its development

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Freud's Preconscious

Thoughts, memories, and feelings that can be readily brought into awareness.

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Conscious Mind

Thoughts, feelings, and memories we're aware of at any given moment.

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Unconscious Mind

Thoughts, feelings, urges, and memories outside our awareness.

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Id (in Freud's theory)

Part of the mind that wants immediate pleasure/need satisfaction.

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Superego (in Freud's theory)

Part of mind that represents morality and social rules.

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Ego (in Freud's theory)

The balancing part; mediating id and superego with reality.

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2030 Sustainable Development Goals

International plan to end poverty, hunger, inequality, and protect the planet.

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Sustainable Development

Meeting the needs of today without harming the future generations.

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Philippine Development Plan (2017-2022) Goals

Long-term goals for the Philippines, including prosperous middle-class society, healthy lives, innovation, and high-trust society.

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Doppler Radars

Technology improving weather forecasting and disaster risk reduction in the Philippines.

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RA 7687 Scholarship Program

Provides scholarships and incentives for Filipino science students to pursue higher education.

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SETUP Program

National strategy for SMEs (Small and Medium Enterprises) to adopt technological innovations.

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Balik Scientist Act

Aims to strengthen the scientific resources of Philippine institutions by bringing back Filipino scientists.

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Philippine Space Agency (PhilSA)

Philippine government agency responsible for national and international space policies.

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Technology's Impact on Mortality Rate

Technological advancements have lowered death rates of women and children during childbirth, leading to a robust population and workforce.

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Technology's Impact on Premature Infants

Medical care for premature infants allows them to survive and develop normally.

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Average Lifespan

The length of time a person is expected to live, influenced by factors like disease treatment, medicine distribution, and overall living standards.

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Literacy Rate

The percentage of people who can read and write. A higher literacy rate leads to a more informed and just society.

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Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

The total value of goods and services produced within a country's borders in a specific period. Often used to measure a country's economic output.

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Plato's Realm of Forms

According to Plato, a realm beyond the physical world containing perfect, unchanging concepts (e.g., justice, beauty).

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Aristotle's Telos

The inherent purpose or ultimate goal of an entity.

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Greatest Happiness Principle

Utilitarian ethical concept proposing that actions maximizing overall happiness for the majority are morally right.

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Human Flourishing

The process of achieving a fulfilling and meaningful life.

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Physical Realm (Plato)

The world of tangible, changing things that we directly experience, considered less complete than the Realm of Forms.

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Study Notes

Historical Antecedents in the World

  • Mesoamerica: Maya civilization—Chichen Itza, hydraulic systems, two complicated calendar systems; Inca civilization—first suspension bridge, irrigation system, Quipu, Inca textiles; Aztec civilization—antispasmodic medication, Chinampa, Aztec calendar, canoe.
  • Asia: India—metallurgical works (iron/steel), medicine, astronomy, mathematics; China—traditional medicines, acupuncture, iron plough, wheelbarrow, propeller, compass, papermaking, gunpowder and printing tools, seismology, records of supernovas, lunar, and solar eclipses; Middle East—scientific method in Muslim world, algorithm.
  • Africa: Experimental medicine, geometry for agriculture, alchemy, human anatomy and pharmacology, Egyptian pyramids, Lebombo bone, algebra and geometry, metallurgy.

Development of Science in the Philippines

  • Precolonial Period: Filipinos believed in superstition and practiced animism, relying on observation of natural phenomena to explain events.
  • Spanish Regime: Various decrees were issued in Spain calling for the establishment of a school system, but primary education was primarily managed by missionaries.
  • American Regime: Science and technology advanced with government encouragement, scholarship programs, and the creation of science-based public services. Filipino children were guaranteed the right to education.
  • Commonwealth Period: Goal was for self-reliance but foreign trade policies remained controlled by Americans, and the Japanese occupation created further problems.
  • Period Since Independence: Department of Education and Culture (DepEd) and Department of Science and Technology (DOST) were created to supervise and create policies for Filipino students.

Intellectual Revolutions

  • Copernican Revolution: Shift from the geocentric model (Earth-centered universe) to the heliocentric model (Sun-centered universe) proposed by Copernicus. Resistance to this idea was based on established beliefs and religious dogma.
  • Darwinian Revolution: Darwin's theory of evolution through natural selection challenged established ideas about the origin and diversity of life.
  • Freudian Revolution: Freud's theory on psychoanalysis (the study of conscious and unconscious factors influencing human behavior) introduced new perspectives.

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Explore the fascinating historical developments of ancient civilizations in Mesoamerica, Asia, and Africa, highlighting their contributions to science and technology. Delve into the precolonial beliefs and practices in the Philippines that laid the groundwork for future advancements. Test your knowledge on these pivotal moments in history.

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