Historia de Hispania y Al-Ándalus

Hispania

• Hispania was the Roman name for the Iberian Peninsula, encompassing modern Spain and Portugal.
• Roman rule profoundly influenced Iberian Peninsula's culture, infrastructure, and legal systems.
• Romanization involved the spread of Latin language, Roman law, and administrative practices.
• The region saw substantial urban development, featuring amphitheaters, aqueducts, and other public works.

Visigothic Kingdom

• After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the Visigoths established a kingdom in Hispania.
• The Visigothic kingdom endured for centuries, leaving a lasting legacy on law and social structures.
• Visigothic legal codes, notably the Liber Iudiciorum, codified many aspects of Visigothic society.
• The Visigothic kingdom experienced periods of internal conflict and external pressures.

Al-Ándalus

• Al-Ándalus represented the Islamic period in the Iberian Peninsula.
• Muslim rule commenced in the early 8th century CE and lasted nearly eight centuries.
• Al-Ándalus served as a hub for intellectual and cultural exchange, fostering advancements in science, medicine, and art.
• The region witnessed the construction of magnificent mosques, palaces, and sophisticated irrigation systems.
• Al-Andalus's dynamic society experienced various periods and shifts in power.
• The Reconquista marked the gradual Christian reconquest of the Iberian Peninsula from Muslim rule.

Reconquista

• The Reconquista was a lengthy and intricate process, characterized by periods of conflict and relative peace.
• The Reconquista involved the gradual northward Christian advance over Al-Andalus.
• Regional kingdoms, such as Castile and Aragon, played crucial roles in the Reconquista.
• Christian kingdoms frequently engaged in alliances and conflicts among themselves during this period.

The Catholic Monarchs (Reyes Católicos)

• Ferdinand and Isabella, the Catholic Monarchs, united most of the Iberian Peninsula under their rule.
• The 1469 marriage of Ferdinand and Isabella was a significant step towards the unification of Spain.
• The Catholic Monarchs strengthened royal power and established a robust centralized state.
• Their policies supported the Spanish Inquisition, a religious court established to enforce religious conformity.

Discovery of America

• The voyages of Christopher Columbus, sponsored by the Catholic Monarchs, led to the European discovery of the Americas.
• The 1492 discovery of America had profound consequences for both the Old World (Europe) and the New World (Americas).
• This event was a pivotal moment in global history, resulting in significant and lasting cultural, social, political, and economic transformations.
• The arrival of Europeans in the Americas triggered the transatlantic exchange of goods, plants, animals, and diseases.