Historia Argentina y Universidades del Siglo XII

Origen de la Universidad y su Evolución

• The word "universitas" comes from Latin and refers to a community organized for any goal.
• It originated in 12th century Europe, where teachers and students united to establish the right to teach and learn.
• These groups evolved into university institutions, becoming pillars of higher education worldwide.

Contexto Político y Social en Argentina en los Años 40

• Argentina underwent industrialization in the 1940s, transforming its economic and social structure.
• World War II indirectly impacted Argentina, which remained neutral.
• After the 1930 coup, successive governments used electoral fraud and deepened their dependence on Great Britain.
• Despite this, economic crisis internationally led to customs controls that fostered domestic industry development.
• Industrialization spurred internal and external migration, drawing workers from the interior provinces and neighboring countries like Chile, Bolivia, and Paraguay.
• These migrants integrated with European immigrants, creating a new "criollo" social group.

La Universidad y la Intervención Autónoma

• The 1943 coup marked a turning point regarding university autonomy.
• Several universities were intervened, restricting their activities, and creating a tense academic environment.
• The National University of the Litoral was a significant example of this intervention.
• Authoritarian measures, dismissals, and resignations of prominent professors characterized the intervention.

Ascenso de Juan Domingo Perón y Transformaciones Universitarias

• Juan Domingo Perón emerged as a key political figure during his work in the Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare.
• His 1945 arrest triggered mass worker mobilizations.
• He won the 1946 election.
• His government implemented new economic and social policies, resulting in some perceived as interventionist.
• University education became free of tuition and entrance exams in many programs.
• However, conflicts with the academic community intensified.
• University interventions preceded his election and led to the dismissal of numerous teachers.

La Universidad Obrera Nacional y su Transformación en la UTN

• The National Workers University (UON) was created in 1943 to train technicians in crucial industrial sectors.
• Its curriculum focused on factory workers' practical experience or technical school graduates.
• Specializations like electrical systems, mechanical engineering, textiles, and automotive manufacturing were available.
• The degree awarded was "factory engineer".
• Perón's government prioritized technology over pure science, seeking alignment with industrial development. This created internal tensions.

La Lucha Estudiantil y la Represión

• Conflicts between student movements and the Perónist government escalated in the 1950s.
• Protests and strikes increased significantly, especially following a 1954 strike which resulted in student arrests and the closure of student centers.
• The student movement included several political tendencies (reformists, communists, socialists, radicals and anarchists) that opposed loss of university autonomy.
• They resorted to clandestine tactics like distributing leaflets and organizing quick protests.

Desarrollo de Universidades en Argentina

• University development wasn't confined to Buenos Aires; the National University of Tucumán played a crucial role in expanding higher education to the North.
• It stimulated the creation of institutions in Jujuy, Santiago del Estero, Salta, and Catamarca.
• The aim was to decentralize access to higher education in the region.
• The Rectorate of Dr. Ireneo Cruz during the Peronist period stressed humanism and research.
• An institute of political and social studies was founded, later becoming the Faculty of Political Sciences.
• A department of scientific research further enhanced mathematics as a field.

Cambios en la Educación Superior tras 1955

• The 1955 Revolución Libertadora brought significant changes to the Argentine education system.
• It promoted private universities and research institutions (e.g., INTA, CONICET).
• A stronger emphasis on science and technology in higher education emerged.
• Universities started to have stronger links with industrial development.

Contexto Político y Social en Argentina en los Años 40 (Resumen Largo)

• Argentina's development model in the 1940s centered on industrialization, which fostered a need for increased knowledge.
• The world was still impacted by WWII, and Argentina remained neutral.
• After a 1930 coup, political leaders came to power through fraudulent processes, resulting in Argentina's close dependence on Britain.
• Controversial economic policies were implemented to redirect the economy due to an international crisis and industrial development was promoted.

Otras secciones

• Additional information is available in the text regarding:
  • University interventions and restrictions post-1955
  • The 1943 coup and its impact on the academic community
  • The role of student movements in the political context
  • Specific examples of university interventions and students' reactions
  • The rise of new universities, such as those in the North of Argentina
  • The creation of new research and technological institutes