Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is primarily responsible for the increase in maternal skin pigmentation during pregnancy?
What is primarily responsible for the increase in maternal skin pigmentation during pregnancy?
- Cortisol
- Prolactin
- Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH) (correct)
- Insulin
Which condition results from a mutation in the enzyme tyrosinase, affecting melanin production?
Which condition results from a mutation in the enzyme tyrosinase, affecting melanin production?
- Vitiligo
- Lentigo
- Albinism (correct)
- Melasma
What characterizes a Melanocytic Nevus?
What characterizes a Melanocytic Nevus?
- Fibrous tissue overgrowth
- Complete loss of pigment
- Inflammatory response of the dermis
- Hyperpigmentation due to melanocytic proliferation (correct)
What is the primary function of epidermal Langerhans cells?
What is the primary function of epidermal Langerhans cells?
What type of connective tissue is primarily found in the dermis?
What type of connective tissue is primarily found in the dermis?
Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for thermoregulation?
Which layer of the skin is primarily responsible for thermoregulation?
Which of the following correctly describes Merkel cells?
Which of the following correctly describes Merkel cells?
Pacinian corpuscles are best known for detecting which type of sensation?
Pacinian corpuscles are best known for detecting which type of sensation?
Peripheral neuropathy can result in which of the following symptoms?
Peripheral neuropathy can result in which of the following symptoms?
Which structure is crucial for the skin’s ability to detect fine touch?
Which structure is crucial for the skin’s ability to detect fine touch?
What impact does chronic sun exposure have on the skin?
What impact does chronic sun exposure have on the skin?
What is the primary role of hydroquinone creams concerning melanin production?
What is the primary role of hydroquinone creams concerning melanin production?
What structure acts as the primary blood supply to the capillaries in the dermal papillae?
What structure acts as the primary blood supply to the capillaries in the dermal papillae?
What are the main functions of the integument system?
What are the main functions of the integument system?
Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for the production of new keratinocytes?
Which layer of the epidermis is responsible for the production of new keratinocytes?
What type of melanin is primarily found in the epidermis and contributes to brown or black coloration?
What type of melanin is primarily found in the epidermis and contributes to brown or black coloration?
Which cells are present in the epidermis and play a crucial role in detecting light touch?
Which cells are present in the epidermis and play a crucial role in detecting light touch?
In which layer of thick skin would you find the stratum lucidum?
In which layer of thick skin would you find the stratum lucidum?
What is the role of keratinocytes in the epidermis?
What is the role of keratinocytes in the epidermis?
What happens to the keratinization process during aging?
What happens to the keratinization process during aging?
What is the primary factor that influences the color of skin?
What is the primary factor that influences the color of skin?
Disruption of which structures can lead to vesicular dermatosis?
Disruption of which structures can lead to vesicular dermatosis?
What type of cells act as the first line of defense against ultraviolet irradiation in the skin?
What type of cells act as the first line of defense against ultraviolet irradiation in the skin?
Which epidermal layer contains keratohyalin granules?
Which epidermal layer contains keratohyalin granules?
What is the correct sequence for melanosome maturation?
What is the correct sequence for melanosome maturation?
What is the primary location of melanocytes within the epidermis?
What is the primary location of melanocytes within the epidermis?
Which characteristic of the stratum corneum contributes to its barrier function?
Which characteristic of the stratum corneum contributes to its barrier function?
What is the primary composition of the outer layer of skin?
What is the primary composition of the outer layer of skin?
Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by its translucent appearance and is found only in thick skin?
Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by its translucent appearance and is found only in thick skin?
Which type of melanin is responsible for the yellow to red pigmentation in skin and hair?
Which type of melanin is responsible for the yellow to red pigmentation in skin and hair?
What is the primary function of the stratum basale in the epidermis?
What is the primary function of the stratum basale in the epidermis?
Which process describes the gradual change of keratinocytes as they move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?
Which process describes the gradual change of keratinocytes as they move from the stratum basale to the stratum corneum?
Which cells in the epidermis are responsible for producing melanin?
Which cells in the epidermis are responsible for producing melanin?
Which layer is primarily responsible for the generation of keratin and keratohyalin granules within the cells?
Which layer is primarily responsible for the generation of keratin and keratohyalin granules within the cells?
The disruption of desmosomal connections between epidermal cells can lead to which condition?
The disruption of desmosomal connections between epidermal cells can lead to which condition?
Which of the following factors predominantly increases melanin production in the skin?
Which of the following factors predominantly increases melanin production in the skin?
What type of connections do hemidesmosomes form between keratinocytes and the basal membrane?
What type of connections do hemidesmosomes form between keratinocytes and the basal membrane?
Which feature characterizes the stratum corneum of the skin?
Which feature characterizes the stratum corneum of the skin?
What effect does aging have on the epidermis, specifically at the dermoepidermal junction?
What effect does aging have on the epidermis, specifically at the dermoepidermal junction?
What distinguishes thick skin from thin skin?
What distinguishes thick skin from thin skin?
What is a potential effect of Addison’s disease related to skin pigmentation?
What is a potential effect of Addison’s disease related to skin pigmentation?
Which of the following factors is known to decrease melanin production?
Which of the following factors is known to decrease melanin production?
What primarily characterizes the reticular dermis?
What primarily characterizes the reticular dermis?
Which component is essential for the function of Meissner's corpuscles?
Which component is essential for the function of Meissner's corpuscles?
What condition is characterized by the destruction of melanocytes?
What condition is characterized by the destruction of melanocytes?
What type of sensory stimulus do Pacinian corpuscles primarily respond to?
What type of sensory stimulus do Pacinian corpuscles primarily respond to?
Which part of the skin is the subcutis also known as?
Which part of the skin is the subcutis also known as?
What is the primary role of epidermal Langerhans cells?
What is the primary role of epidermal Langerhans cells?
What is a characteristic of Birbeck granules found in Langerhans cells?
What is a characteristic of Birbeck granules found in Langerhans cells?
Which feature is essential for the blood supply in the dermis?
Which feature is essential for the blood supply in the dermis?
Which skin function relates specifically to protection?
Which skin function relates specifically to protection?
What is a common result of peripheral neuropathy?
What is a common result of peripheral neuropathy?
How does chronic sun exposure affect the skin?
How does chronic sun exposure affect the skin?
Which layer of skin primarily contains collagen and elastic fibers?
Which layer of skin primarily contains collagen and elastic fibers?
What is the primary consequence of genetic defects in melanin synthesis in individuals with albinism?
What is the primary consequence of genetic defects in melanin synthesis in individuals with albinism?
In which layer of the skin would you primarily find the sensory receptors for deep pressure?
In which layer of the skin would you primarily find the sensory receptors for deep pressure?
What role do Hydroquinone creams play in skin therapy?
What role do Hydroquinone creams play in skin therapy?
What type of structure is characterized by Birbeck granules?
What type of structure is characterized by Birbeck granules?
Which part of the skin is primarily responsible for thermoregulation through blood supply?
Which part of the skin is primarily responsible for thermoregulation through blood supply?
What sensory function is primarily associated with Meissner's corpuscle?
What sensory function is primarily associated with Meissner's corpuscle?
Which hormone is primarily linked to the increase in skin pigmentation in Addison's disease due to excess production?
Which hormone is primarily linked to the increase in skin pigmentation in Addison's disease due to excess production?
Pacinian corpuscles are specialized to detect which type of stimulus?
Pacinian corpuscles are specialized to detect which type of stimulus?
What is a primary factor contributing to the degeneration of the dermis as individuals age?
What is a primary factor contributing to the degeneration of the dermis as individuals age?
Which condition is characterized by the destruction of pigment-producing melanocytes?
Which condition is characterized by the destruction of pigment-producing melanocytes?
Which structure primarily contains adipose tissue and helps insulate the body?
Which structure primarily contains adipose tissue and helps insulate the body?
Which cells in the skin originate from bone marrow and play a crucial role in immune response?
Which cells in the skin originate from bone marrow and play a crucial role in immune response?
What is the primary purpose of the dermal papillae found in the papillary dermis?
What is the primary purpose of the dermal papillae found in the papillary dermis?
What characterizes the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis?
What characterizes the stratum spinosum layer of the epidermis?
Which type of melanin is specifically associated with the pigmentation of skin and hair in shades of yellow to red?
Which type of melanin is specifically associated with the pigmentation of skin and hair in shades of yellow to red?
How long does the keratinization process typically take?
How long does the keratinization process typically take?
Which layer of the skin is exclusively found in areas like the palms and soles?
Which layer of the skin is exclusively found in areas like the palms and soles?
What important role do epidermal melanocytes play in the skin?
What important role do epidermal melanocytes play in the skin?
What is the primary function of the stratum granulosum?
What is the primary function of the stratum granulosum?
What typically happens to the rete ridges and dermal papillae as a result of aging?
What typically happens to the rete ridges and dermal papillae as a result of aging?
Which of the following factors is known to increase melanin production in the skin?
Which of the following factors is known to increase melanin production in the skin?
What is unique about hemidesmosomes in the epidermis?
What is unique about hemidesmosomes in the epidermis?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for forming a protective barrier and undergoes rapid turnover in the epidermis?
Which cell type is primarily responsible for forming a protective barrier and undergoes rapid turnover in the epidermis?
What distinct structure characterizes the stratum corneum?
What distinct structure characterizes the stratum corneum?
Which epidermal layer contains the Langerhans’ cells, which contribute to immune responses?
Which epidermal layer contains the Langerhans’ cells, which contribute to immune responses?
Among the four cell types present in the epidermis, which cell type is primarily associated with mechanoreception?
Among the four cell types present in the epidermis, which cell type is primarily associated with mechanoreception?
What significant metabolic function does the integument system serve related to Vitamin D?
What significant metabolic function does the integument system serve related to Vitamin D?
What results from the proliferation of melanocytes and can present as either flat or nodular?
What results from the proliferation of melanocytes and can present as either flat or nodular?
Which condition occurs due to a significant loss of pigment-producing melanocytes?
Which condition occurs due to a significant loss of pigment-producing melanocytes?
What skin structure contains both collagen and elastic fibers and serves as a support layer?
What skin structure contains both collagen and elastic fibers and serves as a support layer?
What factors are known to contribute to a decrease in melanin production?
What factors are known to contribute to a decrease in melanin production?
What is primarily responsible for the detection of deep pressure and vibration in the skin?
What is primarily responsible for the detection of deep pressure and vibration in the skin?
What is the role of E-cadherin in epidermal Langerhans cells?
What is the role of E-cadherin in epidermal Langerhans cells?
What is characterized by the presence of rod-shaped Birbeck granules in the cytoplasm?
What is characterized by the presence of rod-shaped Birbeck granules in the cytoplasm?
What constitutes a major consequence of chronic sun exposure on skin health?
What constitutes a major consequence of chronic sun exposure on skin health?
Which layer of skin is primarily responsible for storing fat and insulating the body?
Which layer of skin is primarily responsible for storing fat and insulating the body?
What is the primary function of Merkel cells in the skin?
What is the primary function of Merkel cells in the skin?
What structure is primarily involved in thermoregulation by facilitating blood flow?
What structure is primarily involved in thermoregulation by facilitating blood flow?
Which type of nerve endings are involved in detecting fine touch and pressure?
Which type of nerve endings are involved in detecting fine touch and pressure?
Which layer of the dermis is specifically involved in supporting sensory receptors?
Which layer of the dermis is specifically involved in supporting sensory receptors?
What is the consequence of peripheral neuropathy on skin sensation?
What is the consequence of peripheral neuropathy on skin sensation?
What is the main function of the stratum granulosum layer in the epidermis?
What is the main function of the stratum granulosum layer in the epidermis?
Which layer of skin would you primarily find melanin-producing melanocytes?
Which layer of skin would you primarily find melanin-producing melanocytes?
What type of cells are responsible for the initial defense against foreign organisms in the epidermis?
What type of cells are responsible for the initial defense against foreign organisms in the epidermis?
Which epidermal structure is primarily involved in anchoring the epidermis to the dermis?
Which epidermal structure is primarily involved in anchoring the epidermis to the dermis?
What is the primary composition of the stratum corneum that contributes to its barrier function?
What is the primary composition of the stratum corneum that contributes to its barrier function?
Which type of melanin is primarily associated with red and yellow pigmentation?
Which type of melanin is primarily associated with red and yellow pigmentation?
What is the effect of increased UV exposure on melanin production?
What is the effect of increased UV exposure on melanin production?
What forms the primary structure for intercellular adhesion between keratinocytes in the epidermis?
What forms the primary structure for intercellular adhesion between keratinocytes in the epidermis?
Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by a significant increase in keratin as cells flatten?
Which layer of the epidermis is characterized by a significant increase in keratin as cells flatten?
What happens to the rete ridges with aging?
What happens to the rete ridges with aging?
How does keratinization typically progress in the skin?
How does keratinization typically progress in the skin?
Which type of cells help modulate the sensory response to light touch within the skin?
Which type of cells help modulate the sensory response to light touch within the skin?
What occurs due to disruptions in hemidesmosomes or desmosomes within the epidermis?
What occurs due to disruptions in hemidesmosomes or desmosomes within the epidermis?
What primarily influences the variation in skin color among individuals?
What primarily influences the variation in skin color among individuals?
Flashcards
Placental MSH
Placental MSH
Hormone made in the placenta that increases pigmentation in the mother's skin during pregnancy.
ACTH (α-MSH)
ACTH (α-MSH)
Hormone produced by the pituitary gland that can cause excess pigmentation due to abnormal production.
Albinism
Albinism
Inborn condition where there is a defect in melanin production, resulting in lack of pigmentation.
Vitiligo
Vitiligo
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Epidermal Langerhans Cells
Epidermal Langerhans Cells
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Birbeck Granules
Birbeck Granules
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Merkel cells
Merkel cells
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Dermis
Dermis
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Papillary Dermis
Papillary Dermis
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Reticular Dermis
Reticular Dermis
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Subpapillary Plexus
Subpapillary Plexus
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Meissner's Corpuscle
Meissner's Corpuscle
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Pacinian Corpuscle
Pacinian Corpuscle
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Peripheral Neuropathy
Peripheral Neuropathy
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Subcutis (Hypodermis)
Subcutis (Hypodermis)
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Epidermis
Epidermis
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Stratum basale
Stratum basale
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Stratum spinosum
Stratum spinosum
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Stratum granulosum
Stratum granulosum
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Stratum lucidum
Stratum lucidum
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Stratum corneum
Stratum corneum
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Desmosomes
Desmosomes
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Hemidesmosome
Hemidesmosome
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Melanocytes
Melanocytes
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Melanosomes
Melanosomes
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Melanogenesis
Melanogenesis
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Eumelanin
Eumelanin
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Pheomelanin
Pheomelanin
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Skin pigmentation
Skin pigmentation
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Melanogenesis regulation
Melanogenesis regulation
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Melanoma
Melanoma
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Melanocytic Nevus
Melanocytic Nevus
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Sun Exposure and Skin Cancer
Sun Exposure and Skin Cancer
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Keratinization
Keratinization
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Langerhans' cells
Langerhans' cells
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Study Notes
Histology of Integument System I
- Skin is composed of skin and appendages
- Provides protection from injury, drying, and foreign organisms
- Plays a role in thermoregulation, excretion, and absorption
- Absorbs ultraviolet light
- Metabolizes vitamin D
- Contains peripheral endings of sensory nerves
- Two types of skin exist:
- Thick skin: Glabrous, found on palms, soles, and flexor surfaces of digits, with a thick cornified layer
- Thin skin: Hirsute, majority of skin, with a thinner cornified layer (stratum corneum)
- Skin structure includes the epidermis and dermis
- Epidermis consists of layers:
- Stratum corneum: Outermost layer, composed of dead, keratinized cells, forming a tough protective barrier, preventing water loss
- Stratum lucidum: Found in thick skin; translucent layer between stratum granulosum and stratum corneum, composed of dead, flattened keratinocytes.
- Stratum granulosum: Contains keratohyalin and lamellar granules, responsible for waterproofing and preventing dehydration. Lamellar granules release lipids to further waterproof the skin.
- Stratum spinosum: AKA prickle layer; cells connected by desmosomes, contributing to skin strength and integrity. Desmosomes are intercellular junctions.
- Stratum basale: Deepest layer, actively dividing cells and melanocytes, the source of new epidermal cells and responsible for pigment production. Hemidesmosomes attach the cells to the basement membrane, which is a specialized structure at the dermal-epidermal junction and consists of proteins, glycoproteins, and collagen that connects the epidermis to the dermis.
- Epidermis consists of layers:
Objectives
- Describe the types of skin and their distribution
- Compare and contrast the morphological features of the major layers of the skin
- Compare and contrast the location, structure, and function of the four cell types of the epidermis
- Describe melanin synthesis and distribution
- Describe the skin's blood supply and sensory components in terms of structure, function, and location.
Epidermal Melanocytes
- Neural crest origin
- Located in the basal keratinocytes
- Produce melanin from tyrosine, involved in a complex enzymatic process. The main enzyme is tyrosinase.
- Transfer melanin to adjacent epithelial cells
- Protect against ultraviolet rays
- Contains dendrites (processes), extending between keratinocytes.
- Smaller nuclei, uniform chromatin, and indented nuclear contours.
- Melanin production is regulated by various factors, including UV exposure and hormones like melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH).
Epidermal Langerhans Cells
- Bone marrow origin, monocyte-derived dendritic cells
- Scattered in upper squamous layer and dermis
- Express Langerin (CD207) and CD1a
- Communicate with other cells through E-cadherin
- Phagocytic and antigen presenting cells, crucial for the immune response.
- Possesses unique Birbeck granules, rod-shaped structures with zipper-like striations often with bulbous ends.
Merkel Cells
- Specialized receptor neurons
- No axon, relying on a secondary sensory neuron for signal transduction
- Concentrated in skin of digits, finger pads, proximal nail folds
- Common in outer root sheath of hair follicles and tactile hair discs, playing a role in touch sensation
- Located in the epidermis
Dermis
- Contains collagen and elastic fibers, adnexa, nerves, and blood vessels
- Degenerates with age and sunlight.
- Usually thicker on the back
- Two layers: papillary and reticular
- Contains a blood supply network for thermoregulation. Arterial supply, including capillaries in the papillary dermis, cutaneous plexus at dermal-hypodermal junctions, and arteriovenous anastomoses, all contribute to regulating body temperature.
Skin Pigmentation
- Melanin is produced by melanocytes and transferred to keratinocytes
- Skin color depends on the amount of melanin, not the number of melanocytes. The amount of melanin produced and transferred to keratinocytes determines skin color.
Melanogenesis Regulation
- Factors increasing melanin production include increased UV exposure (tanning), and melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH). Increased MSH can come from placental MSH sources.
- Factors decreasing melanin production include genetic defects leading to conditions like albinism, and destruction of melanocytes, as in vitiligo. Also includes hydroquinone and other treatments.
Skin Functions
- Protection against harmful stresses
- Sensation of touch, pressure, pain, and temperature
- Thermoregulation via sweat glands, hair, and adipose tissue
- Metabolic functions, including vitamin D production and triglyceride storage.
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Description
This quiz focuses on the histological structure and functions of the integument system, specifically the skin. Topics include the composition, types of skin, and the epidermis layers. Test your knowledge on the protective, regulatory, and sensory roles of the skin.
