Histology: Nervous Tissue

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Questions and Answers

How does the distribution of Nissl substance within a neuron relate to its function?

  • Neurons with abundant Nissl substance indicate a high level of metabolic activity associated with protein synthesis. (correct)
  • Neurons with less Nissl substance are more efficient at protein synthesis required for neurotransmitter production.
  • The quantity of Nissl substance directly correlates with the neuron's ability to conduct action potentials.
  • Neurons with more Nissl substance are specialized for sensory reception.

In the context of neuronal morphology, what functional implication can be derived from a neuron exhibiting a highly elaborate dendritic arborization?

  • Increased capacity for integration of incoming signals from multiple sources. (correct)
  • Enhanced capacity for signal transmission, facilitating faster action potential propagation.
  • Increased propensity for apoptosis due to the energy demands of maintaining the extensive dendritic structure.
  • Reduced capacity for integration of incoming signals due to signal interference.

A researcher is examining a neuron under a microscope and observes a distinct lack of a clearly defined axon hillock. How might this observation influence the classification of the neuron?

  • It indicates the neuron is likely a projection neuron with a long axon.
  • It confirms the neuron's classification as a sensory neuron.
  • It definitively classifies the neuron as a motor neuron in the spinal cord.
  • It suggests the neuron might be an anaxonic interneuron. (correct)

If a researcher discovers that a particular neuron type in the human brain lacks the protein MAP2, how would this impact the neuron's function and morphology?

<p>The neuron's dendritic spines would fail to form properly, impairing synaptic plasticity. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural adaptation would most effectively enhance the speed of action potential propagation along a neuron's axon?

<p>Increasing the density of voltage-gated sodium channels at the nodes of Ranvier. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do the unique structural features of Purkinje neurons contribute to their specialized role in cerebellar function?

<p>Their elaborate dendritic arborization allows them to integrate a vast number of synaptic inputs. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How might the dysregulation of astrocyte activity contribute to the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases?

<p>By disrupting the blood-brain barrier, increasing neuronal vulnerability to toxic substances. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional significance of the unique morphology of microglia within the CNS?

<p>Their dynamic processes allow them to efficiently survey the CNS microenvironment for pathogens and damage. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the arrangement of ependymal cells lining the ventricles of the brain contribute to the overall health and function of the CNS?

<p>By facilitating the movement of cerebrospinal fluid, aiding nutrient distribution and waste removal. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular mechanism primarily underlies the ability of oligodendrocytes to myelinate multiple axons within the central nervous system?

<p>The extension of multiple processes from a single cell body to ensheathe different axonal segments. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the blood-brain barrier, what specific structural adaptation of astrocytes facilitates their role in regulating vascular permeability?

<p>The extension of perivascular end-feet that surround and interact with capillary endothelial cells. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the histological composition of the cerebral cortex differ from that of the cerebellar cortex, and how does this contribute to functional specialization?

<p>Both B and C (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional implications arise from the cytoarchitectural organization of the cerebral cortex into distinct layers?

<p>It provides specialized neuronal circuits for specific types of information processing. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A pathological analysis of the spinal cord reveals significant damage to the dorsal horns, but the ventral horns appear relatively intact. What functional deficits would most likely be observed in a patient with this type of injury?

<p>Loss of sensory perception with preservation of motor reflexes. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A researcher aims to evaluate the integrity of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) in a mouse model of stroke using immunohistochemistry. Which marker would be most appropriate for assessing the BBB's structural and functional status?

<p>Occludin to visualize tight junctions between endothelial cells. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Schwann cells facilitate nerve regeneration in the peripheral nervous system following injury?

<p>By phagocytosing myelin debris and forming a tube-like structure that guides axonal regrowth. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary distinction between spinal ganglia and autonomic ganglia in terms of their cellular composition and functional role?

<p>Autonomic ganglia contain multipolar neurons and relay signals to involuntary muscles or glands. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers structurally differ, and what are the functional consequences of these differences in the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Myelinated fibers are ensheathed by multiple layers of Schwann cell membrane, enabling saltatory conduction and faster nerve impulse velocity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the connective tissue organization in peripheral nerves contribute to their ability to withstand mechanical stress and support axonal function?

<p>The combination of epineurium, perineurium, and endoneurium creates a flexible yet robust structure that protects axons from compression and tensile forces. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a toxin selectively targets and disrupts the function of satellite cells within peripheral ganglia, what specific physiological processes would be most directly affected?

<p>Regulation of the neuronal microenvironment in ganglia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In nervous tissue, demyelination disrupts saltatory conduction by directly affecting which of the following structures?

<p>Nodes of Ranvier (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be the outcome if a drug inhibits the function of astrocytes?

<p>Disruption of the blood-brain barrier. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Increased white matter in the central nervous system affects primarily what function?

<p>Signal Transmission (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What characterizes the layers of the cerebral cortex?

<p>Distinct neuronal subtypes, connections, and functions (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What feature is unique to cerebellar cortex?

<p>Purkinje cells (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If the dorsal horns were damaged in the spinal cord, which deficits may occur?

<p>Loss of sensation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the main components of a peripheral nerve?

<p>Bundles of axons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do satellite cells play in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?

<p>Supporting and regulating the microenvironment of neurons (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes myelinated from unmyelinated nerve fibers? What feature is only found among myelinated nerve fibers?

<p>Nodes of Ranvier (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which layer primarily determines the tensile strength and elasticity of peripheral nerves?

<p>Epineurium (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A neuron in the cerebral cortex is damaged and can no longer communicate with adjacent neurons. What is likely to occur?

<p>Neuroinflammation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Within which part of the central nervous system (CNS) does interneuron primarily regulate excitatory signals?

<p>Brain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of ependymal cells?

<p>Produce cerebrospinal fluid and promote movement (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is white matter in the brain organized compared to the spinal cord?

<p>Inner layer in the brain; Outer layer in the spinal cord (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cytoarchitecture of the cerebral cortex affect function?

<p>Provides specialized neuronal circuits for specific types of information processing. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the unique arrangement of layers in the cerebral cortex contribute to its complex function in higher-order processing?

<p>Each layer contains distinct neuronal populations and connectivity patterns, enabling specialized processing and integration of information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cellular component is most crucial for the unique signal integration capabilities observed in Purkinje neurons of the cerebellar cortex?

<p>Elaborate dendritic arborization. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the cytoarchitecture of the spinal cord's gray matter contribute to its role in processing sensory and motor information?

<p>The organization into dorsal and ventral horns allows for segregated processing of sensory input and motor output. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In the context of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), how do astrocytes contribute to the selective permeability that protects the central nervous system?

<p>Inducing tight junctions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanisms allow oligodendrocytes to provide myelin insulation to multiple axons simultaneously?

<p>Oligodendrocytes can extend multiple processes, each wrapping around a different axon to form myelin sheaths. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the unique morphology of microglia enable them to effectively fulfill their role as immune sentinels within the CNS?

<p>Their small cell body and highly branched processes allow them to survey large areas of the CNS for pathogens and damage. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structural adaptation in neurons would most effectively increase action potential propagation speed along long axons?

<p>Myelination by glial cells. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What functional consequences would directly arise from the selective disruption of ependymal cell function lining the brain's ventricles?

<p>Disrupted formation and circulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do changes in astrocyte activity lead to the onset and progression of neurodegenerative diseases?

<p>Astrocytes lose their ability to regulate the extracellular environment, leading to neuroinflammation and excitotoxicity. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the functional outcome of selectively inhibiting satellite glial cells within the peripheral nervous system?

<p>Disrupted metabolic support and regulation of the neuronal microenvironment in ganglia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structural feature primarily facilitates the regeneration of damaged axons in the peripheral nervous system by Schwann cells?

<p>Formation of a continuous basement membrane to guide axonal regrowth. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key structural difference between spinal ganglia and autonomic ganglia that underlies their distinct functional roles?

<p>Spinal ganglia contain pseudounipolar neurons, whereas autonomic ganglia contain multipolar neurons. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the connective tissue organization within peripheral nerves enhance their resilience to mechanical stress and facilitate optimal axonal function?

<p>The layered arrangement of endoneurium, perineurium, and epineurium provides tensile strength and elasticity while allowing for nerve flexibility. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism underlies saltatory conduction in myelinated nerve fibers?

<p>Regeneration of action potentials. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact would a drug inhibiting astrocyte function have on neural activity and synaptic transmission?

<p>Impaired regulation of extracellular ion concentrations, leading to altered neuronal excitability and synaptic transmission. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement accurately contrasts the organization of white matter in the brain versus the spinal cord?

<p>The brain's white matter is primarily located surrounding the gray matter, while the spinal cord's white matter is centrally located. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main function of the Nissl substance in neurons?

<p>Protein synthesis. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a neural injury damaged the dorsal horns of the spinal cord, what primary functional loss would occur?

<p>Sensory processing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers differ at the microscopic level?

<p>Myelinated fibers have nodes of Ranvier, where action potentials are regenerated, whereas unmyelinated fibers propagate action potentials continuously. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a toxin disrupted the function of satellite cells of the PNS, what functions would be most likely affected?

<p>Provision of electrical insulation and nutrient regulation of the neuronal microenvironment within ganglia. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of increased white matter affect the efficiency of nervous tissue function?

<p>Allows the brain and spinal cord to coordinate and communicate more effectively because of its promotion of network connectivity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs within the nervous system if a neuron within the cerebral cortex is damaged and unable to communicate with adjacent neurons?

<p>Nearby neurons will signal microglia cells, and inflammation can occur disrupting surrounding connections. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the functional and structural differences between a nerve and a tract within nervous tissue?

<p>Nerves are collections of axons in the PNS, whereas tracts are bundles of axons in the CNS. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the function of the lipoidal substance that covers nerve fibers in the central and peripheral nervous systems?

<p>Speeds action potential velocity and protects nerve fibers. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is similar to rough endoplasmic reticulum in neurons?

<p>Nissl substance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

What is a neuron?

A nerve cell that is the basic building block of the nervous system.

What are dendrites?

Branchlike parts of a neuron that are specialized to receive information.

What is an axon?

A long, thin fiber that transmits signals away from the neuron cell body to other neurons, or to muscles or glands.

What is the Axon hillock?

Region of a neuron where the axon connects to the cell body.

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What is Nissl substance?

Collections of rough Endoplasmic Reticulum, where proteins are made for the neuron.

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What are glial cells?

Cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons. Includes astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, microglia, and ependymal cells.

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What is a synapse?

A junction where information is transmitted from one neuron to the next.

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What are Oligodendrocytes?

A type of glial cell in the CNS that forms myelin sheaths around axons.

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What are Microglia?

A type of glial cell that phagocytose and move through CNS.

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What are Ependymal cells?

Glial cells that line the ventricles of the brain and produce/circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

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What is Dura Mater?

The outermost of the three layers of the meninges.

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What is Arachnoid Mater?

Middle layer of the meninges; has two components: sheet of connective tissue in contact with the dura mater and system of loosely arranged trabeculae continuous with pia mater

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What is the Pia Mater?

The delicate innermost membrane enveloping the brain and spinal cord.

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What is White Matter?

Region of the CNS containing myelinated axons, appears white due to myelin. Contains some unmyelinated axons and glial cells

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What is Gray Matter?

Region of the CNS containing neuronal cell bodies, unmyelinated axons, and neuroglial cells.

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What is the Cerebral Cortex?

Outer layer of the cerebrum, responsible for higher-level cognitive functions.

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What is the Cerebellum?

Brain structure responsible for coordination, balance, and motor control.

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What is the H-shaped gray Matter?

Contains dorsal and ventral horns with ascending and descending fibers.

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What is the White Matter?

Located peripherally, consists of ascending and descending fibers (mostly myelinated).

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What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

Nerves, ganglia, and nerve endings that extend throughout the body.

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What are Schwann cells?

Cells that produce myelin in the PNS.

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What are satellite cells?

Cells that surround neuron cell bodies in ganglia.

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What is the Epineurium?

External coat of nerve.

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What is the Perineurium?

Surrounds each bundle of nerve.

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What is the Endoneurium?

Surrounds individual nerve fiber.

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What are myelinated nerve fibers?

Enclosed by myelin sheath; it prevents loss of nerve impulse.

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What are unmyelinated nerve fibers?

Small diameter axons, still with Schwann cells, no multiple wrapping.

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Study Notes

  • MT120225 Histology (Laboratory) covers nervous tissue in Unit 4.
  • The second semester of the A.Y. 2024-2025 has been set for the lectures.
  • The topic outline includes an overview of the nervous system tissue, the central and peripheral nervous systems, and laboratory activities and reviews.
  • At the end of the exercise, students should have the required skills
  • Students should be able to differentiate neuron types according to structure at the end of the lesson.
  • Identify neuroglial cells in the CNS and PNS.
  • Distinguish the main regions of the brain and spinal cord based on location and structures.
  • Identify cerebellum histologic layers.
  • Microscopically differentiate myelinated and unmyelinated nerve fibers.

Morphology of a Typical Neuron

  • Neurons are the key cells in nervous tissue

Neuron Classifications

  • Neurons are classified according to their structure
  • Pseudounipolar or unipolar neurons have a single process that splits into two branches.
  • Bipolar neurons have one axon and one dendrite.
  • Multipolar neurons have one axon and multiple dendrites.

Synapse

  • Synapses are structures that allow neurons to pass signals to other neurons.

Central Neuroglia Types

  • Astrocytes
  • Oligodendrocytes
  • Microglia
  • Ependymal cells

Astrocytes

  • Can be protoplasmic or fibrous.
  • Immunohistochemical staining of astrocytes in brain white matter uses anti-GFAP antibodies.

Meningeal Layers

  • The CNS has three connective tissue layers, Dura Mater, Arachnoid mater, and Pia Mater.
  • Dura mater (outermost) is thick, dense, irregular connective tissue continuous with the periosteum of the skull.
  • Arachnoid mater (middle) has two components (1) a sheet of connective tissue in contact with the dura mater, and (2) a system of loosely arranged trabeculae continuous with the pia mater.
  • Pia mater (innermost) consists of flattened mesenchymal-derived cells.

Central Nervous System Structures

  • The central nervous system includes white matter and gray matter
  • White matter consists mostly of myelinated nerve fibers plus some unmyelinated fibers and glial cells.
  • Gray matter comprises neuronal cell bodies, unmyelinated fibers, and neuroglial cells.

Cerebrum

  • A key part of the central nervous system

Cerebral Cortex

  • Cerebral cortex layers include molecular, external granular, external pyramidal cell, internal granular, ganglionic, and multiform.
  • Use the mnemonic "Many Exes who Got Poisoned Inside GIT Promised to Move on" to remember the order of the layers.
  • M = Molecular layer
  • E = External granular layer
  • E = External pyramidal layer
  • I = Internal granular layer
  • G = Ganglionic Layer
  • M = Multiform layer

Cerebellum

  • A key part of the central nervous system

Cerebellar Cortex

  • Has a variety of layers including molecular, granular, and Purkinje cells

Spinal Cord

  • Gray matter is H-shaped with 2 dorsal horns containing interneurons, and 2 ventral horns containing multipolar motor neurons.
  • White matter is located peripherally and consists of ascending and descending fibers, mostly myelinated.

Peripheral Nervous System

  • Nerves, ganglia, and nerve endings are all components.

Peripheral Neuroglia

  • Include Schwann and satellite cells

Schwann Cells

  • Schwann cells are found in myelinated nerve fibers.

Connective Tissue of PNS

  • Epineurium, perineurium and endoneurium

PNS Connective Tissue Layers

  • Epineurium is the external coat of nerve.
  • Perineurium surrounds each nerve bundle.
  • Endoneurium surrounds each individual nerve fiber.

Myelinated Nerve Fibers

  • These structures are enclosed by a myelin sheath, prevent nerve impulse loss, and have circular constrictions (nodes of Ranvier).
  • The internodal or Schwann segments are part of the structure of myelinated nerve fibers.

Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers

  • Naked axons, no myelin sheath, and smaller diameter axons
  • These fibers still have Schwann cells and no nodes of Ranvier.

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