Video RK (sent by Iván)

Anaphylaxis is a severe allergenic condition resulting from the release of large amounts of histamine in hypersensitive individuals in response to contact with allergenic substances such as peanuts, seafood, or bee stings. Which of the labeled cells would release histamine?

Hydroxylation of proline is important for stabilizing the structure of which of the following molecules in the ground substance of connective tissue?

Secretory immunoglobulin A (IgA) is transported to the luminal surface of the milk producing cells in the breast and helps convey maternal immunity to the infant. This IgA is synthesized by which of the following cells?

Water in the ground substance of connective tissue proper is bound primarily to which of the following?

Elaine, a 40-year-old secretary dies of catastrophic rupture of her aorta due to weakness in the elastic lamellae in the wall of her heart. A mutation in which of the following molecules is likely to have caused her condition?

Jorge while playing soccer suffers a tear or rupture of a tendon in his left knee. The injury is affecting which of the following connective tissues (CT)?

A pathologist is examining a slide of the breast taken from a patient with cancer. He observes a tissue characterized by large diameter collagen fibers running in all different directions with few cells and only small amounts of ground substance between the cells and fibers. He is looking at which of the following tissue types? ______

Which of the following molecules is required for the proper formation of cross-links between the three polypeptide chains of the collagen molecule?

Blocking of the binding of IgE to the plasma membrane would most affect the function of which of the following cells?

A 35-year-old woman is diagnosed with a rupture of the aorta (elastic artery) due to a condition called Ehlers-Danlos type IV syndrome which effects the formation of connective tissue reticular fibers. Which one of the following statements about this patient's condition is TRUE?

Psoriasis results from increased division of the stem cells in the epidermis. The major cell type that divides and differentiates to give the different layers of the epidermis is which of the following?

The major cell involved in immunological surveillance and antigen-presentation in the epidermis of skin is which of the following?

Albinism and a lack or reduction in pigmentation of the skin is frequently associated with a mutation or loss of which of the following molecules?

Which of the following structures or cells is found in the dermis in the dermal papillae and acts as a receptor for light touch?

The cell or structure primarily responsible for pigmentation in the epidermis of skin is which of the following?

The reticular layer of the dermis of skin is composed of which of the following connective tissue types?

A pathologist is examining a slide of skin from the palm of the hand. Which of the following structures would he expect to see?

Two point sensory discrimination in skin is associated with which of the following cells or structures?

Keratohyaline granules are observed in which of the following layers?

Which of the following is not a major determinant of skin color or pigmentation in the skin in any specific region of the body?

Maria, a 35-year-old housewife is diagnosed with multiple sclerosis, an immune-mediated disease characterized by progressive dysfunction of the nervous system due to destruction of myelin in the CNS. Myelination in the CNS involves which of the following cells?

Name the structures at Y. ______

The large cells marked by the arrows are ______ and are found in the ______. Choose the answer below which properly fills in the blanks.

The large cells marked by the arrows are found in the _______. Choose the answer below which properly fills in the blanks.

Name the organ shown in Panel A. ______

Name the organ shown in the micrograph. ______

The structures labeled A in the micrograph are which of the following?

Deterioration and death of neurons within the substantia Nigra of the brain is associated with:

The cells in the micrograph are immunostained for glial fibrillary acidic protein. These cells are which of the following?

The circled structures are which of the following?

Which of the following structures is characterized by the presence of the actin-cross-linking molecule alpha-actinin?

Which of the following characteristics is unique to skeletal muscle?

A pathologist is examining a slide of cardiac muscle and notes the presence of intercalated disks. Which of the following is true of intercalated disks?

The state of rigor in skeletal muscle results from which of the following?

Which of the following skeletal muscle cell components helps spread the depolarization of the plasma membrane (sarcolemma) of the skeletal muscle cell from the neuromuscular junction throughout the interior of skeletal muscle cells to each sarcomere?

A patient is admitted to the emergency room with a heart attack. Laboratory tests show elevated levels of cardiac troponin I in the blood. This patient has most likely had direct damage to which of the following?

Maria, a 25-year-old office worker comes to his doctor complaining of rapid skeletal muscle weakness and muscle fatigue following almost any physical activity. This usually goes away following rest. She also complains of problems with vision including double-vision. She says this has been going on for several months. The doctor further notices that her eyelids droop. She is diagnosed as having myasthenia gravis. This results from which of the following?

Weight-training to increase strength in the arms will be expected to do which of the following:

Smooth muscle is characterized by:

Which of the following structures is unique to smooth muscle?

Erythrocytes:

Which of the following developing blood cell stages is characterized by a round nucleus with a checkerboard pattern of chromatin and a cytoplasm showing patches of both eosinophilic staining and basophilic staining?

Which cell type normally is the most numerous of the circulating leukocytes.

Which of the labelled cells is important for the killing of parasitic worms and some protozoa?

The large cell indicated in the micrograph by the line is important in which of the following processes?

Which cell type leaves the blood after 8 -12 hours (typically) and differentiates into a macrophage in the connective tissue?

A dramatic reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of a patient's blood after extensive erythrocyte lysis during a sickle cell anemia crisis triggers the secretion of a substance from the kidney to promote erythrocyte development in the bone marrow. What is that substance?

Appearance in the peripheral blood of large numbers of which of the following cell types is termed a “shift to the left” and may signal a major bacterial infection?

Which of the following blood cells can normally generate reactive oxygen radicals and bleach (hypochlorite) as part of its killing mechanism for bacteria in its phagocytotic vacuoles?

Which of the following blood types is the universal blood donor?

Name the layer indicated by the X.

Richard, a 43-year-old mechanic is diagnosed as having left bundle blockage of the electrical activity of the heart which has led to ventricular fibrillation. Which of the following is a normal component of the intrinsic electrical conduction pathway in the ventricle required for ventricular contraction?

Which of the following vessels is characterized by having 1 -3 layers of smooth muscle in its tunica media?

A 45-year-old woman has a neuroglioma tumor. Many chemotherapy drugs that would be used to treat tumors elsewhere cannot be used because of the blood brain barrier. The blood brain barrier is maintained primarily by which of the following types of vessels or types of cells?

Which layer is thickest in the wall of veins?

The micrograph shows which of the following?

The micrographs shows which of the following as marked by the X in its lumen?

The granules in the cell shown here are important for which of the following functions?

Which type of cartilage is present in the intervertebral disc?

Which type of cartilage is present in the articular (synovial) joint?

Which of the following most accurately describes compact bone?

Which of the following would occurring in the formation of long bones?

Which "zone” of endochondral ossification in the growing femur of an adolescent is the farthest from that bone's secondary ossification center?

A 25-year-old man presents with persistent joint pain and a history of recurrent fractures of each humerus. His hematocrit and complete blood count (CBC) are normal, but blood calcium levels are high. Hormone levels are all within normal ranges except Parathyroid hormone (PTH) that exceeds normal by threefold. Which of the following cell types does not have PTH receptors? Which cell is mainly responsible for the increase in blood calcium?

A 7 year-old boy, with bone deformities a barrel-shaped chest, and the sclera thinner and with blue/grey appearance. Genetic testing detected a mutation in the COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes. Which is the most likely diagnoses?

Name the cells at the end of the arrows? What is the function of these cells?

A mutation of the protein encoding the proton pumps (TCIRG1) causes bones to be very fragile and break easily a) Which of the following cells will be affected? b) What function will be mainly impaired? c) What is the most likely diagnosis?

The cell type in the olfactory epithelium whose nuclei are positioned most apically is the:

Which cells proliferate to replace lost olfactory cells?

Which of the following statements about olfactory receptor cells is FALSE? They:

In the respiratory system which epithelial cell surface specialization is used to move mucous and particles along the surface?

In patients with acute asthma attacks smooth muscle contraction leads to narrowing of the airways and causing airflow obstruction. Name the structure label X that is an active participant in this condition?

A clinical study is conducted of patients who have chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). The study found increased amounts of CC16 molecules in the blood, and concluded that this is an indicator of lung damage. CC16 is secreted by:

B is in which of the following structures?

Which of the following is true of pulmonary surfactant?

The minimal blood-air barrier consists of which of the following?

A 28-year-old man is diagnosed with a testicular germ cell tumor. The tumor is surgically removed, and he begins chemotherapy with cisplatin, etoposide, and bleomycin. Bleomycin chemotherapy is known to affect the lung blood-air barrier. Which of the following best describes the structural site of those effects?

The cells labelled X (red) are:

Natural killer (NK) lymphocytes:

Which of the following cell types gives rise to both memory and effector cells and is associated with humoral immunity?

Which of the following statements about T Lymphocytes is correct?

An investigator injects an experimental animal with a newly discovered bacterial strain to evaluate T-lymphocyte activation. It is found that bacterial engulfment by macrophages results in the presentation of bacterial-derived peptide ligands to CD4+ T lymphocytes. Which of the following cell-surface molecules on the macrophage is most directly involved in the presentation of the processed peptides?

A 37-year-old man who is an avid outdoorsman presents to the hospital complaining of bloating, malaise, flatulence, and foul-smelling, fatty stools. A brief history reveals that the patient recently went hiking and drank unfiltered water from a mountain stream. As part of the immune response, IgA neutralizes the parasite involved in this patient's presentation. Which of the following is the major location of IgA production in this patient?

Which of the following structures is partially encapsulated and covered with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium?

A baby is born with a cleft palate and a condition called DiGeorge syndrome, which involves failure of third and fourth pharyngeal pouch derivatives to develop properly. The palate defect is corrected surgically, but regarding the pharyngeal pouch defect the parents are advised that the growing child may expect which of the following health problems?

Many immune-related cellular activities are often impaired in aged patients. Which lymphoid organ is normally better developed in a 6-year-old child that a 30-year-old adult?

Which of the following statements about the epithelial cells derived from pharyngeal pouches in the thymus is CORRECT? They:

Which of the following statements concerning Hassall's corpuscles is TRUE? They:

What is the function of the Lymph node?

A 6-year-old boy is brought to the clinic where his mother reports that he was bitten by a neighbor's dog 2 days earlier. The doctor's examination reveals small but painless swellings beneath the skin inside the right elbow and armpit and he explains to the mother that these are active lymph nodes enlarged in response to the infection in the hand. What has produced the swelling?

An antibody that recognizes CD8 is used to immunostain a section of a lymph node. Which of the following regions will be highly labelled?

What is the function of the Spleen?

After their maturation in the thymus and release into the circulation, T lymphocytes migrate preferentially to which of the following sites?

A 9-year-old boy is taken to the pediatrician because of delayed growth and frequent episodes of pain. After several test it is shown that the boy is suffering from sickle cell anemia. In which area of his body are the abnormal erythrocytes being destroyed by phagocytosis?

Which layer is thickest in arteries?

Where is Mitosis occurring?

Which region is a potential calcium reservoir?

The micrographs shows which of the following?

The micrographs shows which of the following as marked by the X in its lumen?