Anaphylaxis Overview Quiz
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Questions and Answers

What describes anaphylaxis?

  • A non-fatal reaction focused solely on the skin.
  • An intolerance that causes delayed symptoms.
  • A mild allergic reaction with localized symptoms.
  • A life-threatening allergic reaction affecting multiple systems. (correct)

What is urticaria commonly known as?

  • Hives (correct)
  • Angioedema
  • Respiratory arrest
  • Swelling

Which grade of allergic reaction is described as severe respiratory and/or cardiovascular issues?

  • Grade 3 (a)
  • Grade 3 (b) (correct)
  • Grade 1
  • Grade 2 (a)

What distinguishes an intolerance from an allergy?

<p>Allergies can be life-threatening, while intolerances are not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does objective dyspnoea indicate?

<p>Increased respiratory difficulty. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary effect of adrenaline on the heart during anaphylaxis?

<p>Improvement in cardiac output (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What role do mast cells play in the immune response during anaphylaxis?

<p>Release chemicals such as histamine and PAF (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary immunoglobulin involved in the allergic reaction process?

<p>Immunoglobulin E (IgE) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does a higher dose of adrenaline differ from a lower dose in the context of anaphylaxis?

<p>Exhibits stronger alpha effects on blood vessels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the result of the degranulation process in mast cells?

<p>It leads to increased vascular permeability. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which chemical is released by mast cells during an allergic reaction that causes blood vessel dilation?

<p>Histamine (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What should be administered immediately for circulatory support in the case of anaphylaxis?

<p>Intramuscular adrenaline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which substance is NOT produced by mast cells during anaphylaxis?

<p>Immunoglobulin A (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which response is a possible clinical sign of severe allergic reactions?

<p>Low blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the A-to-E assessment primarily used for in emergency treatment?

<p>To assess airway, breathing, circulation, disability, and exposure (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fluid is often given if initial adrenaline treatment does not yield results?

<p>Intravenous (IV) fluids (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential outcome if there is a delay in administering adrenaline during anaphylaxis?

<p>Worsening of symptoms (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of securing the airway during anaphylaxis treatment?

<p>To prevent airway obstruction (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended treatment for thrombosis in the case of cardiac arrest?

<p>Fibrinolytic therapy and 45 min CPR (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with thrombosis?

<p>Chest pain from pericarditis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary action to take when dealing with a toxin causing cardiac arrest?

<p>Remove the toxin where possible (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reversible cause of cardiac arrest is characterized by a clot in the pulmonary or coronary artery?

<p>Thrombosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Anaphylaxis can lead to cardiac arrest, but what is the significant missing detail in its discussion?

<p>Treatment options (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for hypovolemia during cardiac arrest?

<p>250-500 mL Normal Saline (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What indicates a tension pneumothorax?

<p>Tracheal deviation and difficulty ventilating (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is used for cardiac tamponade?

<p>Pericardiocentesis (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Hypoxia is characterized by which of the following?

<p>Lack of oxygen reaching the main organs (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What ECG changes can suggest hyper/hypokalemia?

<p>Upward or downward T waves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of anaphylaxis?

<p>Severe and generalized reaction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which immune cells first bind to immunoglobulin E (IgE) during an allergic reaction?

<p>Mast cells (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the immediate physiological effect of histamine release during anaphylaxis?

<p>Vasodilation and drop in blood pressure (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens on the initial exposure to an allergen in an anaphylactic response?

<p>B-lymphocytes produce antibodies (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one way to reduce symptoms of intolerances and allergies?

<p>Avoid exposure to the allergen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which intercostal muscle is located externally to the ribs?

<p>External intercostal muscle (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What color shading represents the internal intercostal muscle in the diagram?

<p>Blue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which muscle is the most internal layer of the intercostal muscles?

<p>Innermost intercostal muscle (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What structure is depicted as the breastbone in the diagram?

<p>Sternum (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which color represents the innermost intercostal muscle in the diagram?

<p>Light blue (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for thrombosis in the case of cardiac arrest?

<p>Fibrinolytic therapy within 45 minutes of CPR (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is characterized by high potassium levels in the blood?

<p>Hyperkalemia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What causes hypoxia during a cardiac arrest?

<p>Low oxygen in the blood (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which condition is associated with fluid buildup around the heart?

<p>Tamponade (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common sign of toxins causing cardiac arrest?

<p>Allergies present in the blood (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of tension pneumothorax during a cardiac arrest?

<p>Air trapped in the chest cavity putting pressure on the lungs (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reversible cause of cardiac arrest does NOT have a specific treatment listed?

<p>Hypoxia (A), Anaphylaxis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary approach to managing toxins during cardiac arrest?

<p>Using a Toxbase for antidote information (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the larynx?

<p>Produce sound and speech (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which reflex is activated when foreign objects enter the back of the tongue?

<p>Pharyngeal reflex (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the role of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

<p>Transmit signals to contract the thyro-arytenoid muscles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a single cartilage found in the larynx?

<p>Arytenoid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the vocal cords when the brain is suppressed, such as during anesthesia?

<p>They become fully relaxed (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which structure is responsible for preventing foreign objects from entering the trachea?

<p>Epiglottis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements regarding the airway is true?

<p>The nasopharynx is the highest point of the airway. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cartilages play a role in relaxing and tensing the vocal cords?

<p>Arytenoid and Corniculate (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What primarily contributes to a decrease in systemic vascular resistance during anaphylaxis?

<p>Vasodilation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What effect does histamine have on the airway during anaphylaxis?

<p>Causes bronchoconstriction (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a consequence of increased capillary permeability during anaphylaxis?

<p>Fluid leakage from blood vessels (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main role of Prostaglandin D2 during anaphylaxis?

<p>Cause bronchoconstriction and vasodilation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does refractory anaphylaxis refer to?

<p>Anaphylaxis that does not respond to initial adrenaline doses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the recommended dose of IM adrenaline for anaphylaxis?

<p>500 mcg (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a lower dose of adrenaline recommended for bronchodilation during anaphylaxis?

<p>To focus on the Beta2 effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which cells bind immunoglobulin E (IgE) during the later stages of anaphylaxis?

<p>Basophils (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Initial Exposure to Allergen

First exposure to an allergen causes the immune system to produce IgE antibodies, which attach to mast cells and basophils.

Subsequent Exposure

Subsequent exposure to the same allergen triggers the binding of IgE to mast cells, causing the release of histamine and other inflammatory chemicals.

Histamine Release

Histamine causes blood vessels to dilate (vasodilation), leading to a drop in blood pressure, and constricts the airways (bronchoconstriction).

Platelet Activating Factor (PAF)

PAF, along with histamine, increases the permeability of blood vessels, allowing fluid to leak out and causing swelling.

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Prostaglandins

Prostaglandin D2, released by mast cells, constricts the airways and dilates blood vessels, potentially causing airway swelling.

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Rapid Respiratory Rate (RR)

A rapid respiratory rate (RR) may occur due to the body's effort to expel carbon dioxide.

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Low Blood Pressure (BP) and Rapid Heart Rate (HR)

Low blood pressure (BP) and a rapid heart rate (HR) can be caused by blood volume loss due to vasodilation and fluid leakage.

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Disability (Loss of Consciousness, Shock)

Loss of consciousness and shock can occur due to lack of oxygen and circulatory problems.

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What is the key function of the tongue in the airway?

The tongue is a complex organ with underlying tissue and muscle. When the brain is suppressed, the vocal cords become more vulnerable to blockage, leading to potential airway issues.

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What is the most serious consequence of an airway blockage?

Obstruction of the airway is the biggest concern when the airway is blocked. This can be caused by various factors, including foreign objects, swelling, or muscle paralysis. The obstruction can lead to reduced airflow and difficulty breathing.

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How does the pharyngeal reflex protect the airway?

The pharyngeal reflex, also known as the gag reflex, is a protective mechanism that prevents foreign objects from entering the back of the throat. This reflex is triggered by sensory nerves (vagus and glossopharyngeal) that send signals to the medulla oblongata in the brainstem. The medulla oblongata, responsible for vital functions like breathing and swallowing, responds by initiating gagging.

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How does the laryngeal reflex differ from the pharyngeal reflex?

Located in the larynx, the laryngeal reflex is a protective mechanism that closes the vocal cords to prevent foreign objects from entering the trachea. Sensory nerves and the superior laryngeal nerve send signals to the medulla oblongata, which then activates the recurrent laryngeal nerve. This nerve contracts the thyro-arytenoid muscles, closing the vocal cords.

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What is the larynx, and why is it important?

The larynx is a complex structure located in the throat, just below the pharynx. It's comprised of several cartilages and bones, playing a vital role in airway protection, sound production, and breathing.

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What are the main components of the larynx?

The larynx is composed of 1 bone, the hyoid, and 9 cartilages (3 paired and 3 single). The hyoid forms the base of the tongue, and the cartilages provide the structural framework for the larynx.

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What is the function of the epiglottis in the airway?

The epiglottis, situated above the trachea, acts as a flap to prevent food and liquids from entering the airway during swallowing. It folds over the trachea, effectively blocking the entry of foreign substances. This is essential for protecting the respiratory system during ingestion.

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What is the thyroid cartilage, and what is its role?

The thyroid cartilage, the largest cartilage of the larynx, is easily recognized as the Adam's apple. It provides structural support for the larynx, contributing to its overall function.

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Anaphylaxis

A serious, widespread allergic reaction that affects breathing, blood circulation, and the airway. It can be triggered by substances like food, insect stings, or medications.

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Urticaria (Hives)

A type of skin reaction that involves itchy, red bumps, often associated with allergies.

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Angioedema

Swelling beneath the skin, often around the face, lips, or tongue, which can be a symptom of an allergic reaction.

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Objective Dyspnea

Difficulty breathing characterized by rapid breathing, decreased oxygen saturation, and the use of accessory muscles to help with breathing.

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Intolerance

A non-life-threatening adverse reaction to a substance, such as a food group, lactose, or gluten, often causing digestive discomfort.

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Mast cells

Specialized immune cells that contain granules filled with histamine and other chemicals. These cells play a crucial role in the immune response to allergens.

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IgE

An antibody, specifically immunoglobulin E, responsible for triggering the allergic reaction. It binds to mast cells and basophils, causing them to release histamine.

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Histamine

A chemical mediator released from mast cells during the allergic reaction, causing vasodilation, increased vascular permeability, and bronchoconstriction.

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Degranulation

The process by which mast cells and basophils release their granules, including histamine, into the surrounding tissues.

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Thrombosis

A blood clot that blocks flow in the pulmonary or coronary arteries.

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Toxins

A condition caused by a poisonous substance, such as a drug overdose or allergy.

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Hypoxia

Low oxygen levels in the blood.

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Hypothermia

A condition where the body's temperature is too low.

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Tamponade

A condition where the heart is unable to pump effectively due to pressure from fluid buildup around it.

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Hypovolemia

Loss of fluid in the body, leading to decreased blood volume.

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Hyper/Hypokalemia

Abnormal levels of potassium in the blood.

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Tension Pneumothorax

Air or fluid buildup in the space between the lung and chest wall.

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Adrenaline's Effect on the Heart

Adrenaline primarily acts on the heart by influencing its contractility and rate, thus affecting the cardiac output. This causes the heart to pump faster and stronger, supporting blood pressure.

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Adrenaline's Beta Effect on Blood Vessels

Adrenaline's beta effect is crucial for restoring blood pressure during anaphylaxis. This effect helps to constrict blood vessels, raising the blood pressure.

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Adrenaline's Alpha Effect on Blood Vessels

A higher dose of adrenaline causes a more pronounced alpha effect, constricting blood vessels even further. This can lead to reduced blood flow to vital organs.

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Prioritizing Bronchodilation in Anaphylaxis

The decrease in blood volume and blood pressure in anaphylaxis can lead to reduced blood flow to the heart, potentially harming it. Therefore, restoring breathing (bronchodilation) should be prioritized.

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Mast Cells and Histamine in Anaphylaxis

Mast cells, crucial in anaphylaxis, contain histamine, a chemical that triggers inflammation and, in turn, bronchoconstriction and vasodilation.

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What is a thrombosis?

A blood clot blocks a pulmonary or coronary artery, restricting blood flow.

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What are toxins?

A poisonous substance, like a drug overdose or allergic reaction, enters the body.

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What is hypoxia?

Low oxygen levels in the blood.

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What is hypothermia?

Low body temperature.

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What is hyperkalemia?

High potassium levels in the blood, often due to kidney problems.

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What is hypovolemia?

Low blood volume, often from blood loss.

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What is cardiac tamponade?

Fluid buildup around the heart, compressing it.

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What is a tension pneumothorax?

Air trapped in the chest cavity, putting pressure on the lungs.

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External intercostal muscle

The outermost layer of muscle between the ribs, aiding in inhalation by pulling the ribs upward and outward.

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Internal intercostal muscle

The middle layer of muscle between the ribs, helping in exhalation by pulling the ribs downward and inward.

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Innermost intercostal muscle

The innermost layer of muscle between the ribs, assisting in exhalation.

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Sternum

The breastbone, which forms the front of the rib cage.

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Hypotension during Anaphylaxis

A condition where there is a drop in blood pressure due to widespread vasodilation (blood vessel widening) and leakage of fluids from the blood vessels.

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Fluid Depletion during Anaphylaxis

When increased vascular permeability causes fluids to leak from the blood vessels into surrounding tissues, it depletes the fluid in the circulatory system. This can affect the brain, as fluid is also present there.

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Bronchoconstriction and Increased Mucus Production during Anaphylaxis

During an anaphylactic reaction, histamine binds to receptors in the bronchial tree (airways) causing constriction and narrowing of the airways. Additionally, histamine stimulates increased mucus production in the respiratory system.

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Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) Role in Anaphylaxis

A substance released from platelets and basophils in anaphylaxis that breaks down endothelial cells (lining of blood vessels) and significantly enhances vascular permeability along with histamine. This further reduces fluid volume in the blood vessels and contributes to severe symptoms like hypotension.

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Prostaglandin D2's Role in Anaphylaxis

A substance produced during inflammation that constricts the airways and simultaneously dilates blood vessels. This contributes to both airway swelling and low blood pressure in anaphylaxis.

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Urticarial rash During Anaphylaxis

Hives-like skin rash that occurs during anaphylaxis. It's caused by IgE antibodies attaching to basophils (white blood cells) which then enter the circulation and cause the rash.

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Refractory Anaphylaxis

A severe form of anaphylaxis where two intramuscular doses of adrenaline fail to control respiratory and cardiovascular problems. It requires more aggressive treatment, such as bronchodilators, fluid therapy, and continuous adrenaline infusion.

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Duality of Adrenaline's Effects in Anaphylaxis

Adrenaline, despite given at a low dose in anaphylaxis, causes both bronchodilation (Beta2 effect) and vasoconstriction (alpha effect). The beta effect helps to open the airways, while the alpha effect constricts blood vessels to increase blood pressure.

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