Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the two main components of tissues?
What are the two main components of tissues?
- Cells and lymphatic fluid
- Cells and blood vessels
- Cells and connective tissues
- Cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) (correct)
Which macromolecules are primarily found in the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
Which macromolecules are primarily found in the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
- Nucleic acids
- Lipids
- Collagen fibrils (correct)
- Carbohydrates
What is the purpose of cutting thin sections of tissues for microscopy?
What is the purpose of cutting thin sections of tissues for microscopy?
- To separate different types of cells
- To remove excess fluids from the tissue
- To allow light to pass through for examination (correct)
- To enhance the color of the tissue
How do cells influence the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
How do cells influence the extracellular matrix (ECM)?
What is the equivalent of one micrometer in millimeters?
What is the equivalent of one micrometer in millimeters?
What is the purpose of eosin in microscopy?
What is the purpose of eosin in microscopy?
What is necessary for a proper understanding of tissue biology?
What is necessary for a proper understanding of tissue biology?
Which of the following methods utilizes the hexose rings of polysaccharides for staining?
Which of the following methods utilizes the hexose rings of polysaccharides for staining?
During what stage do cells and matrix become functionally specialized?
During what stage do cells and matrix become functionally specialized?
What does the Feulgen reaction specifically stain?
What does the Feulgen reaction specifically stain?
What do tissue slices prepared for microscopic examination preserve?
What do tissue slices prepared for microscopic examination preserve?
What is the main challenge in examining most tissues and organs under light microscopy?
What is the main challenge in examining most tissues and organs under light microscopy?
Which of the following processes is typically used to analyze biopsies during surgery?
Which of the following processes is typically used to analyze biopsies during surgery?
What is the function of enzyme digestion in the identification process of basophilic material?
What is the function of enzyme digestion in the identification process of basophilic material?
What can be stained distinctly purple using the PAS reaction?
What can be stained distinctly purple using the PAS reaction?
Which spatial unit is equivalent to one angstrom?
Which spatial unit is equivalent to one angstrom?
What is the primary focus of histology?
What is the primary focus of histology?
Which microscopy technique is most suitable for viewing live cells?
Which microscopy technique is most suitable for viewing live cells?
What is the primary purpose of embedding fixed tissues?
What is the primary purpose of embedding fixed tissues?
What is an advantage of using electron microscopy?
What is an advantage of using electron microscopy?
Which of the following embedding materials is commonly used for light microscopy?
Which of the following embedding materials is commonly used for light microscopy?
In which technique are specific molecules visualized through the use of antibodies?
In which technique are specific molecules visualized through the use of antibodies?
What is the first step in preparing fixed tissue for embedding?
What is the first step in preparing fixed tissue for embedding?
What is the purpose of tissue embedding in histology?
What is the purpose of tissue embedding in histology?
How do dyes behave when staining tissues?
How do dyes behave when staining tissues?
What characteristic is unique to confocal microscopy compared to other light microscopy techniques?
What characteristic is unique to confocal microscopy compared to other light microscopy techniques?
What is usually the final ethanol concentration used during the dehydration process of fixed tissues?
What is usually the final ethanol concentration used during the dehydration process of fixed tissues?
Which microscopy method uses a beam of electrons to create images of fine details?
Which microscopy method uses a beam of electrons to create images of fine details?
What is the role of staining in microscopy?
What is the role of staining in microscopy?
What is the main function of staining in histology?
What is the main function of staining in histology?
What is a consequence of using plastic resins for embedding fixed tissues?
What is a consequence of using plastic resins for embedding fixed tissues?
Which property of dyes is important for their function in staining tissues?
Which property of dyes is important for their function in staining tissues?
What staining method highlights cell surface glycoproteins and mucin in the epithelium lining the small intestine?
What staining method highlights cell surface glycoproteins and mucin in the epithelium lining the small intestine?
What color do the cell nuclei appear when stained with H&E?
What color do the cell nuclei appear when stained with H&E?
Which component of the small intestine epithelium primarily secretes mucus?
Which component of the small intestine epithelium primarily secretes mucus?
How long might it take to prepare a slide from tissue fixation to microscopic observation?
How long might it take to prepare a slide from tissue fixation to microscopic observation?
What is the primary purpose of mounting a protective glass coverslip on a slide?
What is the primary purpose of mounting a protective glass coverslip on a slide?
In what way are PAS-positive regions characterized in the epithelium?
In what way are PAS-positive regions characterized in the epithelium?
What magnification factor contributes to the total magnification in microscopy?
What magnification factor contributes to the total magnification in microscopy?
How does the PAS reaction affect the staining intensity at the lumen of the small intestine epithelium?
How does the PAS reaction affect the staining intensity at the lumen of the small intestine epithelium?
Which of the following methods is used to preserve cell structures and make the tissue ready for sectioning in a biopsy?
Which of the following methods is used to preserve cell structures and make the tissue ready for sectioning in a biopsy?
What is the primary reason why frozen sections are preferred for studying lipids?
What is the primary reason why frozen sections are preferred for studying lipids?
What is the primary function of the cryostat in the process described?
What is the primary function of the cryostat in the process described?
Which of the following is NOT a major benefit of using frozen tissue sections for histochemical studies?
Which of the following is NOT a major benefit of using frozen tissue sections for histochemical studies?
Why is pretreatment with ribonuclease useful in examining cellular structures?
Why is pretreatment with ribonuclease useful in examining cellular structures?
Which of the following staining techniques is used to visualize lipid-rich structures in cells?
Which of the following staining techniques is used to visualize lipid-rich structures in cells?
What is the primary advantage of using frozen sections for the study of sensitive enzymes?
What is the primary advantage of using frozen sections for the study of sensitive enzymes?
Which of the following is a common technique used to visualize certain ECM fibers and cellular elements in nervous tissue?
Which of the following is a common technique used to visualize certain ECM fibers and cellular elements in nervous tissue?
Flashcards
Histology
Histology
The study of tissues and their organization in organs.
Preparation of Tissues
Preparation of Tissues
Methods used to prepare tissues for microscopic examination.
Fixation
Fixation
A process that preserves tissues by stopping decay.
Embedding
Embedding
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Staining
Staining
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Light Microscopy
Light Microscopy
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Electron Microscopy
Electron Microscopy
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Immunohistochemistry
Immunohistochemistry
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Tissue Biology
Tissue Biology
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Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
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Collagen Fibrils
Collagen Fibrils
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Histologic Research
Histologic Research
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Tissue Slices
Tissue Slices
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Microscopic Preparation
Microscopic Preparation
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Transmitted Light Microscopy
Transmitted Light Microscopy
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Functional Specialization
Functional Specialization
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Sectioning
Sectioning
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Dehydration
Dehydration
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Ethanol Solutions
Ethanol Solutions
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Ionizable Radicals
Ionizable Radicals
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Acidic and Basic Compounds
Acidic and Basic Compounds
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Macromolecules in Tissues
Macromolecules in Tissues
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Micrometer (μm)
Micrometer (μm)
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Nanometer (nm)
Nanometer (nm)
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Angstrom (Ã…)
Angstrom (Ã…)
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Counterstain
Counterstain
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Trichrome stains
Trichrome stains
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Periodic Acid–Schiff (PAS) reaction
Periodic Acid–Schiff (PAS) reaction
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Biopsy
Biopsy
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Feulgen reaction
Feulgen reaction
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Ribonuclease pretreatment
Ribonuclease pretreatment
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Cryostat microtome
Cryostat microtome
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Lipid preservation in histology
Lipid preservation in histology
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Sudan black staining
Sudan black staining
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Freezing vs. fixation
Freezing vs. fixation
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Metal impregnation staining
Metal impregnation staining
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Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining
Hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) staining
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Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining
Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining
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Microvilli
Microvilli
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PAS reaction
PAS reaction
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Goblet cells
Goblet cells
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Oligosaccharides
Oligosaccharides
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Hematoxylin
Hematoxylin
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Cover slip
Cover slip
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Total magnification
Total magnification
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Counterstaining
Counterstaining
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Study Notes
Histology & Its Methods of Study
- Histology studies tissues and how they form organs, focusing on cell structure and function optimizing organ function.
- Tissues consist of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM).
- ECM supports cells and transports nutrients & waste.
- Cells influence ECM and vice-versa forming a functional continuum.
- Tissue types become specialized during development, forming functional organs.
- Histology relies on microscopes and biochemical techniques to analyze small structures.
Preparation of Tissues for Study
-
Tissue slices (sections) for light microscopy are prepared by:
- Fixation: Preserving structures by cross-linking proteins and inactivating degradative enzymes, typically in chemical solutions like formalin.
- Dehydration: Removing water using increasing concentrations of alcohol, often ending with 100% alcohol.
- Clearing: Removing alcohol with organic solvents miscible with both alcohol and paraffin.
- Infiltration: Replacing the clearing solution with melted paraffin, allowing the tissue to become infiltrated.
- Embedding: Placing the infiltrated tissue in a mold with melted paraffin and letting it solidify.
- Trimming: Exposing the tissue for sectioning on a microtome.
-
Microtome used to slice paraffin-embedded or resin-embedded tissue for light or electron microscopy respectively.
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Electron Microscopy is used for higher magnification and resolution of cellular structures, and requires special fixatives and embedding resins (epoxy) than light microscopy.
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Thin sections are placed on microscope slides and stained.
Embedding & Sectioning
- Tissues are infiltrated/embedded in a material like paraffin for easier sectioning.
- Paraffin is for light microscopy, resins for both electron and light microscopy.
- Dehydration removes water using increasing ethanol concentrations.
- Clearing removes ethanol with organic solvents miscible with both alcohol and the embedding medium.
- Tissue is placed in melted paraffin and solidified (embedded).
- Resin embedding avoids heat-related tissue distortion.
- Microtome cuts thin sections for microscopy.
Staining
- Most cells and ECM are colorless. Staining is essential for visualization and identification.
- Dyes bind selectively to different tissue components.
- Basic dyes (e.g., Hematoxylin) bind to negatively charged molecules (basophilic).
- Acidic dyes (e.g., eosin) bind to positively charged molecules (acidophilic).
- H&E staining (Hematoxylin & Eosin) is a common method, with Hematoxylin staining nuclei dark blue/purple and Eosin staining cytoplasm and collagen pink.
- PAS reaction stains carbohydrate-rich structures (purple/magenta).
- Staining specificity can be increased using enzyme digestion or metal impregnation.
Light Microscopy
- Bright-field microscopy uses ordinary light to visualize stained tissue sections.
- Optics include a condenser, objective lens, and eyepiece for magnification.
- Magnification is determined by multiplying objective and eyepiece powers.
- Resolution is the ability to distinguish two points as separate. Light Microscopy has a resolution around 0.2 micrometers. This limits the size of structures that can be visualized.
- Virtual microscopy digitizes light microscopy images.
Medical Applications
- Biopsies are tissue samples used for diagnostic analysis.
- Formalin fixation is used for room temperature analysis.
- Frozen tissue sections are used for rapid analysis of sensitive enzymes/molecules and lipid rich tissues.
- Cryostat is a type of microtome used for frozen tissue sections.
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