Histology Techniques and Microscopy

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the paraffin surrounding the tissue?

  • To provide a smooth surface for sectioning
  • To enable better staining of the tissue
  • To preserve the tissue's structural integrity (correct)
  • To prevent the tissue from drying out

During the trimming process, what is the average thickness the paraffin block is typically trimmed to?

  • 1-5 μm
  • 10-30 μm (correct)
  • 5 μm
  • 30-50 μm

What is the primary tool used for sectioning the tissue?

  • Scalpel
  • Mold
  • Water bath
  • Microtome (correct)

What is the typical thickness of tissue sections prepared for microscopy?

<p>5 μm (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the water bath used in this process?

<p>To flatten the tissue ribbon and remove wrinkles (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a factor that affects the resolution of a light microscope?

<p>The magnification power of the ocular lens (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of microscope section would allow visualization of the entire length of a long, cylindrical structure, such as a muscle fiber?

<p>Longitudinal section (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of the rack stop on a microscope?

<p>To prevent the objective lens from touching the specimen slide (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following adjustment knobs is typically used with the high power objective lens?

<p>Fine adjustment knob (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The numerical aperture (NA) of an objective lens is primarily related to what aspect of microscopy?

<p>Resolution (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If you want to see a cross-section of a blood vessel, what type of tissue section would be most appropriate?

<p>Cross section (B), Transverse section (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why is a higher numerical aperture (NA) generally desirable for microscopy?

<p>It allows for sharper, clearer images. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential risk associated with using too much force with the coarse adjustment knob?

<p>Decreasing the image resolution (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the revolving nosepiece on a light microscope?

<p>To hold and rotate the objective lenses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct contribution of Robert Hooke to the field of Histology?

<p>Introducing the concept of the nucleus (A), Introducing the concept of cell theory (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following professionals would be most likely to work directly with a pathologist in a laboratory setting?

<p>Medical Technologist (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the provided content, which of the following is a key difference between 'Histology' and 'Pathology'?

<p>Histology focuses on the structure of cells and tissues while Pathology focuses on diseases. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of 'cyto/kytos' in relation to Histology and Cytology?

<p>It refers to the study of cells and their formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided text, what is the key role of a pathologist in a laboratory?

<p>To identify and analyze the cause of diseases in tissues and fluids. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the context provided, which of the following would be considered a key tool used in both Histology and Pathology?

<p>Bright Field Microscope (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most significant difference between a pathologist and a histology technician, based on the content?

<p>Pathologists are responsible for diagnosing diseases, while histology technicians prepare and examine tissue samples. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the microscope is responsible for capturing light from an external source with a low voltage of about 100v?

<p>Microscopic Illuminator (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Mechanical Stage?

<p>Controlling the movement of slides (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the purpose of the Condenser?

<p>To illuminate the specimen with a focused beam of light (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is directly involved in the resolution of subcellular structures in thin tissue sections?

<p>Condenser (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of the microscope acts as its support and carries the microscopic illuminator?

<p>Base (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following features is essential for obtaining a 3D view of a specimen's surface?

<p>Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the Arm in a microscope?

<p>To provide structural support and connection between the base and the head (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the microscope is a hole that allows transmitted light to reach the stage from the light source?

<p>Aperture (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The passage mentions that the most common stage is a mechanical stage. What does this suggest about the importance of the mechanical stage in microscopy?

<p>The mechanical stage is a crucial component for precise slide manipulation and viewing. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements accurately describes the function of the eyepiece in a microscope?

<p>It provides the final magnification of the specimen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which component of a microscope is responsible for controlling the amount of light that reaches the specimen?

<p>Diaphragm (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the objective lenses in a microscope?

<p>To magnify the specimen. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following components is specifically designed to enhance the clarity of the image produced by a microscope?

<p>Condenser (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the condenser focus knob impact the image produced by a microscope?

<p>It moves the condenser up or down to control light focus. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the eyepiece tube?

<p>It has a fixed magnification. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the diaphragm contribute to the image quality produced by a microscope?

<p>It controls the contrast and brightness of the image. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about objective lenses is TRUE?

<p>They are all positioned facing forward. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the Abbe condenser in a sophisticated microscope?

<p>To increase the resolution and clarity of the image. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Histology

The study of microanatomy of cells and tissues.

Cytology

The study of cells, including structure and function.

Pathology

The study and diagnosis of diseases through microscopic examination.

Histology Technicians

Professionals in the USA who study tissues from biopsies.

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Pathophysiology

Study of functional changes in tissues and organs caused by disease.

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Microscopy

The use of microscopes to view small structures like cells.

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Bright Field Microscope

Common microscope used for examining stained tissue with ordinary light.

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Mechanical Stage

A component that allows controlled movement of slides for observation.

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SEM

Scanning Electron Microscope that gives 3D views of surfaces and structures.

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Aperture

A hole on the microscope stage for light to reach the specimen.

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Microscopic Illuminator

Light source located at the base of the microscope.

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Condenser

Lenses that collect and focus light onto the specimen.

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Head

Upper part of the microscope carrying optical parts.

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Base

Support structure for the microscope, holding the illuminator.

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Arms

Connect the base to the head and eyepiece; support during use.

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Diaphragm

Controls the amount of light reaching the specimen.

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Paraffin Block

A tissue block formed by surrounding tissue in paraffin for stability during sectioning.

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Trimming

The process of removing excess paraffin to expose tissue before sectioning, typically to 10-30 μm thickness.

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Microtome

A machine used for slicing tissue specimens into thin ribbons for slide preparation.

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Sectioning

The act of cutting tissue into thin sections for microscopic analysis, usually at 5 μm thick.

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Water Bath

A controlled temperature bath (60°C) used to flatten and pick up tissue ribbons for slides.

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Eyepiece

The lens near the eyes used to view the specimen, typically with a 10x magnification.

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Eyepiece Tubes

Holds the eyepiece above the objective lens; adjustable for better visualization.

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Objective Lenses

Major lenses near the specimen with magnification powers ranging from 40x to 100x.

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Abbe Condenser

Sophisticated condenser that enhances image clarity at high magnifications, around 1000x.

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Condenser Focus Knob

Knob that moves the condenser up or down to control light focus and intensity on the specimen.

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Magnification Power

The ability of a lens system to enlarge an image, typically measured in X times.

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Binocular Microscopes

Microscopes that use two eyepieces for enhanced depth perception and comfort.

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Monocular Microscopes

Microscopes that use one eyepiece; simpler but may not have adjustable tubes.

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Light Control

Regulated by the diaphragm and condenser, crucial for specimen visibility.

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Scanner

Objective lens that uses the coarse adjustment knob for initial focusing.

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LPO

Low Power Objective lens using the coarse adjustment knob.

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HPO

High Power Objective lens using the fine adjustment knob for detailed focusing.

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OIO

Oil Immersion Objective lens using the fine adjustment knob for very high magnifications.

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Revolving Nose Piece

A movable part that holds objective lenses and allows switching between them.

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Rack Stop

Adjustable component that prevents objective lenses from touching the specimen slide.

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Longitudinal Section

A cut of the organ along its long axis, revealing internal structures.

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Cross Section

A cut made at a right angle to the long axis of the organ.

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Oblique Section

A cut through the organ at an angle other than 90 degrees.

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Study Notes

BSMT Human Histology Chapter 1

  • Significance of histology to medical technology

    • Histology technicians in USA study tissues (biopsy)
    • Pathologists in Philippines diagnose tissue issues
    • RMTs assist pathologists with abnormalities
    • Histology studies microanatomy of cells and tissues
  • Definition of terms

    • "-logy" or "logos" means study of
    • Histology studies microanatomy of cells and tissues
    • Pathology: Study of diseases via tissue samples
    • Pathophysiology: Study of diseases' effects on tissues
  • Brief history

    • Robert Hooke (17th century): Discovered cells
    • Marcello Malpighi (17th century): Father of histology
    • Robert Brown (17th century): Introduced the nucleus
    • Matthias Schleiden/Theodor Schwann: Developed Cell Theory
  • Microscopy

    • Bright-field microscope: Common, uses ordinary light
    • Dark-field microscope: Detects specific bacteria, e.g. Treponema pallidum
    • Phase-contrast microscope: Used to view living cells
  • Tissue Preparation / Importance of tissue sections

    • Fixation (Formalin/Formaldehyde): Preserves tissue structure
    • Dehydration (increasing alcohol concentration): Removes water
    • Clearing (Xylene): Makes tissues translucent
    • Infiltration (melted paraffin wax): Replaces organic solvent
    • Embedding (melted paraffin wax): Encapsulates tissue in wax for stability
    • Trimming (scalpel): Removes excess wax
    • Sectioning (microtome): Cuts tissue into thin slices
    • Staining (Hematoxylin & Eosin): Improves visibility under microscope using color dyes
  • Tissue Sectioning

    • Longitudinal section: Cuts along the length of an organ
    • Transverse section: Cuts across the length of an organ
    • Oblique section: Cuts at an angle to the axis of an organ
  • Microscope parts & function

    • Head/Body: Contains optical parts
    • Base: Supports the microscope
    • Arms/Support: Connects base and head
    • Eyepiece: Magnifies image; typically 10x
    • Eyepiece tubes: The holder of eyepieces
    • Objective lenses: Various magnifications, typically 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x
    • Revolving nosepiece: Holds objective lenses, adjustable
    • Stage: Holds specimen; clips secure specimen
    • Aperture: Allows light through the stage
    • Microscopic illuminator: Provides light
    • Condenser: Focuses light onto specimen
    • Diaphragm: Controls light intensity
    • Condenser focus knob: Adjusts light focus on specimen
    • Rack stop: Prevents objective lens from hitting specimen
  • Mounting & Labelling

    • Mounting (Canada balsam/nail polish): Preserves stained tissue
    • Labelling (pencil/marker): Identifies specimens
  • Basic functions of cells - Structure of a typical cell and mitosis

  • Cytoplasm: Fluid within cell; supports organelles

    • Ribosomes: Protein synthesis
    • Endoplasmic reticulum: Synthesis & transport of proteins and lipids
      • Rough ER: Ribosomes attached, protein synthesis
      • Smooth ER: Lipid synthesis
    • Golgi apparatus: Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins
    • Mitochondria: Produces energy (ATP)
    • Lysosomes: Digest waste and cellular debris
    • Peroxisomes: Break down fatty acids
    • Cytoskeleton: Network of fibers maintaining shape and structure
  • Nucleus (cell command center)

    • Nuclear envelope: Membrane surrounding nucleus
    • Perinuclear space: Space between inner and outer nuclear membrane
    • Nuclear lamina: Structural support for inner membrane
    • Chromatin: DNA & proteins
    • Nucleolus: rRNA synthesis
    • Nucleoplasm: Fluid within nucleus
  • Cell division (mitosis)

    • Prophase - chromosomes condense, nuclear envelope breaks down
    • Metaphase - Chromosomes line up
    • Anaphase - Sister chromatids separate
    • Telophase - Chromosomes decondense, nuclear envelopes reform

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