Histoire et Fonction d'Internet
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Questions and Answers

Quelle était la principale fonction de NSFNet mise en place en 1986?

  • Développer des logiciels éducatifs
  • Organiser des projets de recherche en santé
  • Créer des réseaux concurrents en Europe
  • Fournir l'accès à des superordinateurs (correct)
  • Les premières entreprises de fournisseurs d'accès à Internet ont vu le jour dans les années 1990.

    False

    Quel réseau est considéré comme le successeur de l'ARPANET?

    TCP/IP

    Le premier fournisseur d'accès à Internet par le réseau téléphonique s'appelait _____ en 1989.

    <p>The World</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Associez les entreprises aux services qu'elles offraient:

    <p>PSINet = Fournisseur d'accès à Internet UUNET = Réseau de recherche régional Netcom = Accès par courriel Portal Software = Nouvelles Usenet</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle controverse est survenue parmi les utilisateurs universitaires en 1989?

    <p>L'utilisation de l'Internet à des fins non éducatives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    L'utilisation commerciale de l'Internet était clairement définie et acceptée par tous dans les années 1980.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quels réseaux européens étaient considérés comme concurrents à ARPANET et NSFNet?

    <p>UUCP et X.25</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel était le principal inconvénient des réseaux de communication avant l'Internet?

    <p>Ils étaient limités à des communications entre les postes du réseau.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    J.C.R. Licklider a été promu à la tête de la DARPA en 1962.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel projet a été utilisé dans les années 1950 pour le raccordement des terminaux via de longues lignes?

    <p>le projet RAND</p> Signup and view all the answers

    J.C.R. Licklider a décrit un réseau de computers connectés par des lignes de télécommunications __________.

    <p>large bande</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Associez les personnes suivantes avec leurs contributions à l'histoire de l'Internet:

    <p>J.C.R. Licklider = Développement de la recherche informatique à la DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency = Organisation de recherche militaire System Development Corporation = Un des trois terminaux installés MIT = Institut impliqué dans le projet Multics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle fonction J.C.R. Licklider a-t-il envisagée pour son réseau d'ordinateurs?

    <p>Fonctions de bibliothèques modernes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Les réseaux de télécommunication étaient conçus uniquement pour un usage unique avant l'Internet.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quels étaient les trois emplacements des terminaux installés sous la tutelle de la DARPA?

    <p>Santa Monica, Berkeley, MIT</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel navigateur a remplacé Mosaic en 1994?

    <p>Netscape Navigator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Netscape Navigator est devenu synonyme d'Internet dans les années 1990.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel était le principal problème des navigateurs pendant la guerre des navigateurs?

    <p>Instabilité et non-respect des standards techniques</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Internet Explorer 4.0 est sorti en __________ 1997.

    <p>octobre</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle fonctionnalité notable a été ajoutée dans la version 3.0 d'Internet Explorer?

    <p>Support des scripts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le logo géant de la lettre 'e' a été créé lors du lancement d'Internet Explorer 5.0.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Les employés de Netscape ont réagi au logo d'Internet Explorer en plaçant une maquette de leur __________.

    <p>dragon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Associez les navigateurs aux caractéristiques suivantes:

    <p>Netscape Navigator = Premier navigateur commercial distribué à grande échelle Internet Explorer = Navigateur de Microsoft Chrome = Navigateur avec une grande part de marché actuelle Mosaic = Ancêtre de Netscape</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel était le principal avantage de Microsoft dans la compétition avec Netscape?

    <p>Monopole sur les systèmes d'exploitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Netscape a toujours eu une part de marché supérieure à celle de Microsoft.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel produit a majoritairement contribué aux revenus de Netscape?

    <p>Navigator</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Microsoft a créé des contrats de licence pour ____ l'installation de Netscape sur les ordinateurs.

    <p>interdire</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Associez les actions de Microsoft à leurs conséquences:

    <p>Contrats de licence avec les fabricants = Interdiction de Netscape sur les ordinateurs Partenariat avec AOL = Promotion d'IE comme interface principale Acquisition de FrontPage = Création de pages mieux adaptées sous IE</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Pourquoi Internet Explorer pouvait-il se développer rapidement?

    <p>Il était gratuit et soutenu par Windows</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Les premières versions d'Internet Explorer étaient nettement plus performantes que celles de Netscape.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel était le but de la campagne « visible avec n'importe quel navigateur »?

    <p>Promouvoir l'accessibilité des sites web sur tous les navigateurs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quels sont les deux exemples d'innovations technologiques mentionnés?

    <p>La machine à vapeur et l'électricité</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La croissance économique mondiale est uniquement due à l'introduction des TIC.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Que désigne l'acronyme TIC?

    <p>Technologies de l'information et de la communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Les gains de productivité liés à l'introduction des _______ sont un effet macroéconomique important.

    <p>TIC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Associez les périodes avec leurs réalisations correspondantes :

    <p>La Renaissance = Développement de l'imprimerie Les Lumières = Avancées dans les arts et la science Le XIXe siècle = Essor de la presse écrite Aujourd'hui = Informatique et télécommunications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qu'est-ce qui est nécessaire pour que les nouveaux produits TIC soient utilisés efficacement?

    <p>Des connaissances technologiques de base minimales</p> Signup and view all the answers

    La recherche scientifique est négativement influencée par les TIC.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel est un effet que l'on observe avec la mise en réseau dans la société de l'information?

    <p>Renouvellement rapide de l'industrie des TIC</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quelle est la principale conséquence de la fracture numérique pour les pays sous-développés ?

    <p>Augmentation des dettes envers les pays riches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Les nouvelles technologies d'information sont disponibles gratuitement dans les pays pauvres.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Qu'est-ce que la solidarité numérique ?

    <p>L'accès sans discrimination à l'information et aux TIC.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    L'internet modifie les canaux de _________ et d'approvisionnement.

    <p>distribution</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quels effets négatifs peuvent résulter de la nouvelle économie du savoir ?

    <p>Développement de la dette extrême</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Le travail à distance contribue à un système de gestion des entreprises décentralisé.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Quel processus est automatisé hors des heures de pointe selon le contenu ?

    <p>La sauvegarde ou le transfert d'information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction

    • The Internet is a driving force behind globalization.

    Internet in Daily Life

    • How is the internet integrated into daily life?
    • How many hours per week are spent using connected devices?
    • What are common internet uses?

    Session Plan

    • Internet history and function.
    • Power struggles within the new digital era.
    • From the internet to the Information Society.
    • Documentary: Propaganda – New Manipulators (2021, Télé-Québec)
    • Required task: Read the section on "internet history" and additional articles.

    Internet History (To Be Read)

    • No specific content extracted. The image shows a busy city street.

    Internet - History and Function

    • Before the internet, inter-network connections were primarily limited to specific use cases.
    • Networks usually catered to a particular and specific unique application.
    • A previous communication method involved a central computer with terminals connected via long lines.
    • The RAND project pioneered this approach in the 1950s.

    Internet - History and Function (J.C.R. Licklider)

    • J.C.R. Licklider envisioned a network of computers connected via telecommunications lines.
    • He highlighted the network's ability to act like a library, with advanced data storage and retrieval functions.

    Internet - History and Function (DARPA)

    • In October 1962, J.C.R. Licklider led the information processing office at DARPA.
    • Three terminals were established at different institutions.
    • The need for inter-network communication became apparent.

    Internet - History and Function (ARPANET)

    • The development of ARPANET began in 1969.
    • An initial network of 4 nodes connected different universities: UCLA, Stanford, Utah, and UCSB.
    • The ARPANET network subsequently expanded, evolving.

    Internet - History and Function (Defense Communications Agency)

    • In 1975, control of the ARPANET was transferred to the Defense Communications Agency.
    • This change marked a shift from research and development to a more focused military application.
    • The separation of military use (MILNET) from civilian use (ARPANET) in 1983 further solidified that shift.

    Internet - History and Function (Commercialization)

    • Concerns arose about the expanded use for commercial purposes.
    • Initially, commercial use was strictly prohibited due to its relationship to the military.
    • The emergence of educational and corporate use, however, challenged that perspective.
    • The use by network organizations like Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) and Hewlett-Packard (HP) further broadened use.

    Internet - History and Function (National Science Foundation)

    • In 1984, the National Science Foundation (NSF) began development of the NSFNet project.
    • The NSFNet aimed to expand inter-networking infrastructure by establishing a network backbone for high-speed data transmission.
    • Connecting multiple supercomputers became a primary goal.

    Opening to Commerce

    • The commercial use of the internet spurred considerable debate.
    • The exact definition of commercial use was unclear and subject to interpretation.
    • Basic agreement was reached regarding the use between companies.
    • The UUCP and X.25 networks (primarily European) had limitations on commercial use.
    • Despite restrictions, the administrative agencies, often implicitly, tolerated commercial activities.

    Opening to Commerce (Early Providers)

    • Several companies emerged as internet access providers during the late 1980s.
    • These providers enabled internet access via telephone lines.
    • Companies like PSINet, UUNET, Netcom, and Portal Software, among others, emerged.
    • Education institutions became users.
    • Reduced connection fees promoted wider adoption.

    Internet - The War of Networks (To Be Read)

    • No specific content extracted

    The War of Browsers

    • Mosaic was superseded by Netscape Navigator.
    • Netscape Navigator quickly became a significant and primary choice.
    • Subsequently, Microsoft's Internet Explorer gained prevalence and substantial market share.
    • Netscape Navigator was the leading commercial browser of the time, becoming virtually synonymous with the early internet.
    • The competition for dominance in the browser market led to frequent instability and security issues.
    • Microsoft's Internet Explorer's capabilities improved with time.

    The War of Browsers (Key Developments)

    • The 1997 release of Internet Explorer version 4 marked a significant milestone in the competition.
    • This version demonstrated improved speed and compatibility with emerging network protocols.

    The War of Browsers (Strategies)

    • Competition between developers of the browsers became increasingly aggressive.
    • Multiple strategies were implemented, including providing compatibility and support for specific content formats.

    Advantages of Microsoft

    • Microsoft took advantage of its prominent position in the operating system market by offering its browser (Explorer) as a built-in part.
    • This ensured wide use and a large user base.
    • The availability of a free and ready-to-use browser was a powerful marketing advantage.
    • Microsoft's significant resources enabled it to quickly develop and improve Internet Explorer, thus becoming competitive.

    Advantages of Microsoft (Other strategies)

    • Microsoft ensured support across operating systems through various licensing agreements.
    • This ensured broad usage.
    • Microsoft also made its proprietary tools (e.g., HTML editors) compatible with their browser, promoting adoption.

    Network Economies

    • Network value increases with more users.
    • The greater the number of users, the more valuable the network becomes.
    • This dynamic encourages more users to join, creating a self-reinforcing loop.
    • This principle is observed in various services, such as telephone systems, video game platforms, and some social media applications.
    • Network effects are a significant force driving adoption and shaping market dynamics in many online contexts.

    Implications of Network Externalities

    • Determining market equilibrium becomes challenging due to multiple possible equilibrium states.
    • Consumer purchasing decisions are influenced by anticipated actions of other consumers.
    • The nonexistence of a single, efficient equilibrium is a common phenomenon.
    • Important interactions among producers and the dynamics of economic interdependencies play critical roles in shaping commercial strategy.

    Examples of Network Externalities

    • DVD and players: Low predicted sales for DVDs and players creates very low consumer demand, discouraging producers from creating or marketing them widely.
    • Conversely, high predicted sales for products creates high demand for products, encouraging increased production from producers.

    Windows and macOS

    • Switching between operating systems (e.g., from Windows to macOS) can be costly due to compatibility and existing applications.
    • Cost of making changes related to existing products is significant.
    • The choice of operation system often relates directly to application availability.

    Windows and macOS (Network Effects)

    • The number of applications available for a given platform (OS) directly influences its value.
    • Microsoft's application support and user-base reinforce the perception of Windows dominance.
    • Microsoft's promotion of applications for its platform directly affects product value for consumers.

    Visa and Mastercard

    • The strength of the payment network depends on the adoption from merchants and consumers.
    • The greater the number of users the greater the value of the payment network from the users' point of view.
    • Increased popularity creates a network effect that makes it more attractive for those who have not yet joined to also join.

    Information Society (Definition)

    • Information Society describes a societal stage where information technologies play a fundamental role.
    • In essence, it denotes an advanced societal structure with a heavy reliance on information technology.
    • It's seen as a development or continuation of the industrial society.

    Information Society (Historical Context)

    • The evolution of innovations like the steam engine and electricity, which were in turn linked to the printing press, are mentioned as historical precedents.
    • Contemporary technologies such as nanotechnology and quantum physics are connected to the modern era of information.

    Information Society (Other Aspects)

    • The rise of ICT has significantly influenced knowledge sharing, communication, and commerce.
    • The increase in readily accessible information is directly connected to the emergence of new economic models.
    • Increased accessibility to various types of data has fundamentally altered and continues to impact societal structures.

    Information Society (Discussion Points)

    • Discussion points include the digital divide and its consequences – or impact.
    • Discussions often revolve around the unequal distribution of access and benefit.

    Macroeconomic Effects of Information Society

    • Economic productivity and growth are impacted by information technologies.
    • Increased efficiency and optimized use of resources are often mentioned as benefits.
    • Workforce training and qualification requirements evolve significantly.

    Macroeconomic Effects of Information Society (Other Considerations)

    • The demand for professionals skilled in using and managing information technologies and systems is a necessary characteristic.
    • New types of businesses and jobs emerge related to the new information technologies.
    • New types of markets for technologies and various information-based products and services develop and emerge.

    Macroeconomic Effects of Information Society (Global Implications)

    • The development of digital platforms and services has altered international trade and economic dynamics globally.

    Digital Divide and Globalization

    • The disparity in access to information technologies (commonly referred to as the digital divide) remains a significant obstacle to globalization.
    • Access to information is crucial to participation on a societal level and in the knowledge-based economy.
    • Differences in development and access to technology are factors that need to be actively confronted.

    Digital Divide and Global Implications

    • Developing economies and developing countries often lack the resources to create a comprehensive infrastructure for the internet and digital information technologies.
    • This disparity exacerbates the inequalities already present between industrialized and developing nations.
    • The digital divide continues to pose a considerable barrier to balanced global participation in the networked economy.

    Enterprises and Internet

    • The internet alters distribution channels and supply chains profoundly.
    • Examples mentioned include e-commerce platforms like Amazon and the integration of electronic data interchange (EDI)
    • Operating hours are adjusted due to online availability and accessibility.
    • Greater efficiency and cost reduction are indirect advantages.

    Information Systems and Globalization

    • Global connectivity through the internet impacts businesses and industrial systems.
    • Work patterns become more fluid with distance working and international collaborations.
    • Information exchange and system backups become important.
    • Businesses operate without standard workdays.

    Topics for Reading

    • Globalization of supply chains.
    • Technological threats.

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    Description

    Ce quiz explore l'histoire d'Internet et son intégration dans notre vie quotidienne. Il examine comment Internet a évolué depuis ses débuts jusqu'à influencer la société de l'information actuelle. Les participants devront comprendre les enjeux de pouvoir liés à cette nouvelle ère numérique.

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