Histoire des Faits Économiques - Session 2
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Questions and Answers

Les êtres humains collaborent et s'organisent pour produire, échanger et consommer.

True

Il existe une société humaine qui échappe à l'économie.

False

L'histoire économique étudie les façons diverses dont les sociétés humaines ont mobilisé et organisé leurs moyens de production et d'échange.

True

L'économie est un système de collaboration, de choix et d'allocation, fondé uniquement sur l'autorité.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Les instruments de coordination sont toujours utilisés de manière isolée.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Les normes et usages, les structures sociales et les systèmes de justification sont des exemples d'instruments de coordination.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État et la monnaie sont des exemples d'institutions qui ont été élaborés et perfectionnés il y a quelques milliers d'années.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Il n'y a pas d'État sans un minimum de division sociale et donc de division du travail.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Les premiers États s'appuyaient uniquement sur la distinction entre sacré et commun.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Les institutions symbolisent la perpétuité du groupe humain correspondant.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Il y a pas d'État sans la formalisation d'une autorité.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Il y a pas d'État sans la détermination d'un intérieur et d'un extérieur à l'État.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État réunit autant qu'il distingue.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État assure la continuité de la société uniquement par la transmission de la dette de vie.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État est une institution ou un groupe d'institutions.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État délimite les frontières d'une société uniquement sur un plan territorial.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État contribue à perpétuer l'identité collective et individuelle.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État protège la société des dangers extérieurs, mais pas des dangers intérieurs.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État organise des solidarités et des collaborations internes.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État est uniquement un outil de gestion des risques externes.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le terme « souveraineté » désigne l'articulation entre l'autorité et la légitimité.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'autorité implique la possibilité de prendre des décisions sans légitimité.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État joue le rôle de gardien du temps.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État est une institution sacrée.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'holocauste est un exemple de sacrifice au bien commun.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le crime de lèse-majesté est un affront physique ou symbolique.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

La formation d'un État repose sur des compromis.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La guerre de religion est un exemple de la difficulté de l'institutionnalisation de l'État.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le principe « Cujus regio, ejus religio » affirme la souveraineté de l'Église.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

La guerre de religion est une croisade.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le principe « Cujus regio » est suffisant pour établir la paix.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

La tolérance est le choix de faire primer l'autorité de l'État sur celle des Églises.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État a le pouvoir d'aller contre la religion.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La « révolution westphalienne » est une conférence historique qui a eu lieu en 1648.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le pouvoir de l'État prime, dans son ressort, celui d'une Église.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La monnaie est une chose de l'État.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La monnaie avant la monnaie est le constat du processus de l’échange et de son histoire.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La monnaie est une règle que l'État s'engage à respecter.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État est le seul à pouvoir produire de la monnaie.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

La frappe est l'authentification de petites formes de métal standardisées en poids et en qualité.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La fiduciarite est un système d'échange basé sur la confiance dans la valeur de la monnaie.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le remplacement du métal par un écrit est la troisième invention de la monnaie moderne.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le système Livre/Sou/Denier est un système décimal qui a été mis en place par Charlemagne au IXe siècle.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État est un garant de la paix et de l'ordre public.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État garantit la liberté du commerce.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La valeur de la monnaie est définie par la loi.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La monnaie est un garant de la stabilité du commerce et de la valeur des dettes.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État a toujours été le seul émetteur de la monnaie en Europe.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

Le système Livre/Sou/Denier est un système décimal.

<p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

L'État joue un rôle central dans la création de la monnaie, mais il n'est pas nécessairement le seul émetteur.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La monnaie a permis de réduire les risques et d’augmenter les avantages de l’échange.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La Banque d'Angleterre est crée en 1694 par une loi commerciale mercantiliste qui vise à donner à l'État les moyens de financer ses guerres.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La Banque de Palmstruch est crée en 1656 pour aider au financement des guerres menées par Karl Gustav X, sa motivation officielle est le remplacement de la monnaie métallique suédoise.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La Banque de Palmstruch, créée pour aider au financement des guerres menées par Karl Gustav X, est une preuve du succès relativement rapide des billets de banque.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La « révolution Westphalienne » est une conférence historique qui a eu lieu en 1648, elle a mis fin aux guerres de religion, et a permis de s’appuyer sur des principes absolutistes, qui ont favorisé l'essor de l'Etat et le développement de la politique moderne.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La monnaie d'aujourd'hui est très largement parallèle à l'histoire des États.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

La monnaie d'aujourd'hui est très largement parallèle à l'histoire des états. L'État est une institution qui n’aurait pas été possible sans la monnaie.

<p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Introduction

  • The document is study notes for a course on "Histoire des Faits Économiques" at the University of Paris Nanterre.
  • The course is for first-year Licence Eco-gestion students.
  • The notes cover "L'essor des États, la naissance des monnaies".
  • Session 2, September 25, 2023

Summary of Previous Session

  • Human beings collaborate and organize to produce, exchange, and consume.
  • All human societies involve economics and economic history.
  • Economic history examines various ways societies have utilized production and exchange methods for consumption and social activities.
  • Coordination mechanisms are essential for any economy, including norms, usages, social structures (family, kinship systems), organizations (churches, associations, businesses), justification systems (myths, religions, ethics), and institutions.
  • Institutions may encompass, but are not limited to, social structures and organizations.

Introduction: The Problem of Coordination

  • Humans use numerous tools to coordinate, including (but not limited to) language, non-verbal communication, graphics, and writing.
  • The challenge lies in applying these tools to practical tasks.
  • Defining a goal, developing a strategy/path, and achieving the desired outcome at a reasonable cost are essential steps.
  • Two primary coordination models are: authority/delegation (vertical) and negotiation/cooperation (horizontal).
  • Institutions are a significant means of combining these principles.
  • State and currency are two remarkably enduring examples.

The Emergence of the State: Authority and Sovereignty

  • States initially emerged in Asia then spread globally.
  • Emergence correlates with complex social structures that outlast individual rulers.
  • States require: social division, division of labor, formal authority, and delineation of internal and external boundaries. (e.g., ethnic/racial, lifestyle, citizenship)
  • These characteristics are crucial elements in the definition of a state.

The Emergence of the State: Authority and Sovereignty (continued)

  • State formation depends on internal social divisions, and a division of labor
  • Distinction between settled and nomadic people.
  • Distinction between sacred and secular groups (e.g., priests and rulers in one category; workers and farmers in another)
  • Institutions define the permanence of the group and are intertwined with its religious structures or belief system.
  • States are defined by internal/external boundaries (e.g., self/others, civilized/barbaric, citizens/outsiders)

The Emergence of the State: Authority and Sovereignty (continued)

  • A state requires a framework for ordering relations between members of society and the outside world
  • This framework usually involves defining the internal and external boundaries of the state.
  • The distinction between "us" and "them" is a fundamental aspect of state formation.
  • This division is often based on factors such as race, ethnicity, or lifestyle.

The Emergence of the State: Authority and Sovereignty (continued)

  • States are characterized by mechanisms for organizing societal relations.
  • They handle internal conflicts and external threats through established structures.
  • Determining who is inside vs. outside the state and the internal dynamics of the societal group are necessary for state formation.

The Birth of the State: Authority and Sovereignty (continued)

  • The state determines how individuals relate to one another and the outside world.
  • It often has systems and structures that govern relationships.
  • The state maintains order and manages internal struggles while also handling external threats.

The Birth of the State: Authority and Sovereignty (continued)

  • Defining what constitutes a state is complex, encompassing many elements
  • A state is identifiable by structures that regulate societal relations, manage conflicts, and navigate external threats.
  • Recognizing these elements is crucial for understanding the nature of a state.

The Emergence of the State: Authority and Sovereignty (continued)

  • The state regulates how people interact with one another and beyond its borders
  • These structures help govern societal connections, deal with internal disputes, and manage external threats
  • The concept of 'us' versus 'them' is central to state formation
  • State boundaries are crucial aspects for any state.

The Emergence of the State (continued)

  • The concept of state (and its characteristics) is not static.
  • The role of the state can change and interact with various elements of a society.

The Emergence of the State: Authority and Sovereignty (continued)

  • The state is an ongoing entity constantly adapting to various external and internal factors within a society.

The Emergence of the State: Authority and Sovereignty(continued)

  • States establish order, manage internal conflicts, and deal with external threats
  • They delineate societal boundaries to structure social relations and manage disputes.
  • Defining who is inside and outside the state and how individuals relate can be critical components of a state’s structure.
  • Understanding these aspects is essential for grasping the nature of a state.

The Emergence of the State: Authority and Sovereignty (continued)

  • States, initially formed in Asia, eventually developed independently in other areas.
  • The formation of states has three notable consequences: the minimum social division is required for state formation; a division of labor arises from this minimum, and an explicit delineation between internal and external elements of the group is necessary
  • The structure and specifics of these divisions can change depending on the society or culture.

The Emergence of the State: Authority and Sovereignty (continued)

  • Distinctions between sedentary and nomadic peoples, the sacred versus the common, and different social classes often emerged earlier in state formations.

The Birth of the State: Authority and Sovereignty (continued)

  • The state requires elements for proper governance and functioning; these elements are embedded in any state that exists.

The Birth of the State: Authority and Sovereignty(continued)

  • States are built upon elements of shared identity, internal structures, and boundaries.
  • This is crucial for understanding their nature.

The Emergence of the State: Authority and Sovereignty

  • States require minimal forms of social division and division of labor.
  • Early states often relied on distinguishing between internal and external groups, including fixed settlements versus mobility.
  • The distinction between sacred and profane realms was also common in early states, influencing authority structures.

The Difficulties of Institutionalizing the State

  • The development of states involves both authority and legitimacy
  • Authority refers to the ability to direct and control, while legitimacy involves a group accepting a leader or institution's right to rule or govern.
  • These two elements are often intertwined but not easily reconciled.
  • Conflicts between these ideals can lead to struggles over power, internal disruption, and the broader evolution of the state itself.

The Difficulties of Institutionalizing the State (continued)

  • States throughout history have struggled to reconcile authority and legitimacy
  • This struggle affects the formation and stability of institutions and power dynamics within the state.

The Difficulties of Institutionalizing the State (continued)

  • The intersection of authority and legitimacy is crucial and difficult to reconcile.

The Birth of the State: Authority and Sovereignty (continued)

  • States use the idea of the "sacred" to link material and spiritual stability within a society.

The Role of the State: Conflict and Religion

  • Religious conflicts have played a significant role in the development of states.
  • Religious differences often lead to internal conflicts and external disputes between states.
  • State-religion relations have been a persistent factor in shaping political structures and the evolution of states.

The State and European Religious Wars

  • The religious wars in 16th and 17th-century Europe highlight the complex relationship between the state, religion, and its citizens.
  • The concept of "Cujus regio, ejus religio" illustrates the principle that the ruler's religion would determine the religion of the region.
  • This principle led to religious conflicts and reshaped European political landscapes.

The State and European Religious Wars (continued)

  • The evolving relationship between the state, religion, and people shaped societal and political structures in Europe.
  • Religious conflicts highlighted the complexity of this relationship.

The State and European Religious Wars (continued)

  • Europe's 16th and 17th centuries saw significant shifts in state-religion relations, reflected in the evolving political situation.

The State And European Religious Wars (continued)

  • The complex interplay between religion, the state, and citizens shaped political systems in Europe.

The Thirty Years' War and the Westphalian System

  • The Thirty Years' War (1618-1648) was a major European religious conflict.
  • The peace treaties that followed (Westphalia 1648) dramatically impacted the relationship between states and religion.

The Westphalian Revolution—1648

  • The Thirty Years War highlighted how religious differences could destabilize states.
  • The Westphalian system sought to regulate relationships between the state and religion to reduce conflict.

The Emergence of Modern States and the Difficulties of State Formation

  • 17th-century developments reshaped the relationship between states and religion.

The Emergence of Modern States (continued)

  • The evolving nature of states and religion had profound effects on political structures and societal relations.

The Birth of Modern Monetary Systems

  • The origin of money predates the modern era; it progressed from ancient forms to contemporary methods.
  • These developments shaped economic activity throughout history.

Early Forms of Currency

  • Ancient forms of currency, like shells or precious metals, predated widespread coinage.

Development of Money as a Tool for Exchange

  • Money evolved from a range of commodities to facilitate trade.

Development of Money as a Tool for Exchange (continued)

  • The use of currency throughout history illustrates the value of money as a tool for exchange in societies.

Development of Money as a Tool for Exchange (continued)

  • Early money enabled diverse transactions and facilitated trade within societies.

Modern Money: The Role of the State

  • The role of the state in creating and managing currency has broadened.
  • Modern monetary systems are more intricate and complex than earlier forms.

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Ce quiz teste vos connaissances sur l'essor des États et la naissance des monnaies. Il est basé sur les notes d'étude pour les étudiants de Licence Eco-gestion à l'Université de Paris Nanterre. Préparez-vous à explorer les mécanismes de coordination dans les sociétés humaines.

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