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Questions and Answers
The dorso-dorsal stream is primarily involved in the understanding of action.
The dorso-dorsal stream is primarily involved in the understanding of action.
False
Area V6A is a key component of the ventro-dorsal stream.
Area V6A is a key component of the ventro-dorsal stream.
False
The middle parietal areas, including V6A and MIP, play a role in the ventro-dorsal stream.
The middle parietal areas, including V6A and MIP, play a role in the ventro-dorsal stream.
False
Damage to the dorso-dorsal stream can lead to optic ataxia.
Damage to the dorso-dorsal stream can lead to optic ataxia.
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The ventro-dorsal stream does not play a role in space perception.
The ventro-dorsal stream does not play a role in space perception.
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Visuomotor neurons in the AIP discharge during grasping of an object in dark conditions.
Visuomotor neurons in the AIP discharge during grasping of an object in dark conditions.
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The VIP-F4 circuit is located in the superior parietal cortex.
The VIP-F4 circuit is located in the superior parietal cortex.
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Motor dominant neurons in the AIP discharge when you just see the object (fixation).
Motor dominant neurons in the AIP discharge when you just see the object (fixation).
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Polymodal neurons in the parietal and pre-motor cortex are only responsive to tactile stimuli.
Polymodal neurons in the parietal and pre-motor cortex are only responsive to tactile stimuli.
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Visual dominant neurons in the AIP do NOT discharge during grasping of an object in dark conditions.
Visual dominant neurons in the AIP do NOT discharge during grasping of an object in dark conditions.
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The activity of neurons in the AIP is not influenced by the purpose of an action.
The activity of neurons in the AIP is not influenced by the purpose of an action.
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The motor act of grasping is always the same, regardless of the objective.
The motor act of grasping is always the same, regardless of the objective.
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The activity of neurons in the ventral pre-motor cortex (F5) only correlates with motor acts, not visual stimuli.
The activity of neurons in the ventral pre-motor cortex (F5) only correlates with motor acts, not visual stimuli.
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Canonical neurons in area F5 show a preference for specific objects during both observation and grasping.
Canonical neurons in area F5 show a preference for specific objects during both observation and grasping.
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The congruence between visual and grasping preference for a particular object indicates how to interact with the object.
The congruence between visual and grasping preference for a particular object indicates how to interact with the object.
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The activity of neurons in the AIP is not related to the activity of neurons in the ventral pre-motor cortex (F5).
The activity of neurons in the AIP is not related to the activity of neurons in the ventral pre-motor cortex (F5).
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The activity of neurons in the F5 area is not altered by the injection of muscimol.
The activity of neurons in the F5 area is not altered by the injection of muscimol.
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The movement of the monkey's hand is not affected by the injection of muscimol, only the shaping of the hand with respect to the object.
The movement of the monkey's hand is not affected by the injection of muscimol, only the shaping of the hand with respect to the object.
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Patients with optic ataxia have difficulty reaching for objects due to a problem in the dorsal stream.
Patients with optic ataxia have difficulty reaching for objects due to a problem in the dorsal stream.
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The primary motor cortex receives input from both the dorsal-dorsal stream and the dorsal-ventral stream.
The primary motor cortex receives input from both the dorsal-dorsal stream and the dorsal-ventral stream.
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The manipulandum used in Edward Evarts' experiments was designed to allow for a free wrist movement.
The manipulandum used in Edward Evarts' experiments was designed to allow for a free wrist movement.
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The neurons in the F5 area respond only to the kinetic and kinematic aspects of a movement.
The neurons in the F5 area respond only to the kinetic and kinematic aspects of a movement.
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Normal pliers require the activation of the extensor digitorum muscle, which is an extrinsic muscle of the hand.
Normal pliers require the activation of the extensor digitorum muscle, which is an extrinsic muscle of the hand.
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The monkey's ability to grasp objects is directly controlled by the primary motor cortex.
The monkey's ability to grasp objects is directly controlled by the primary motor cortex.
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Reverse pliers activate the same muscle groups as normal pliers.
Reverse pliers activate the same muscle groups as normal pliers.
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A reversible chemical lesion in AIP would have a similar effect on movement coordination as a lesion in F5.
A reversible chemical lesion in AIP would have a similar effect on movement coordination as a lesion in F5.
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Mirror neurons only activate when the observer performs the action themselves.
Mirror neurons only activate when the observer performs the action themselves.
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The parietal premotor network is not involved in the coding of actions performed by others.
The parietal premotor network is not involved in the coding of actions performed by others.
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The observation of actions can activate motor circuits responsible for similar actions in the observer according to the direct matching hypothesis.
The observation of actions can activate motor circuits responsible for similar actions in the observer according to the direct matching hypothesis.
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If a plexiglass covers an object, mirror neurons will still fire only if the monkey knows there is an object behind it.
If a plexiglass covers an object, mirror neurons will still fire only if the monkey knows there is an object behind it.
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Mirror neurons were discovered solely in the ventral premotor cortex.
Mirror neurons were discovered solely in the ventral premotor cortex.
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Neurons in F5 discharge more during whole-hand grip than precision grip.
Neurons in F5 discharge more during whole-hand grip than precision grip.
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The neuronal firing in F5 is not influenced by the specific goal of an action.
The neuronal firing in F5 is not influenced by the specific goal of an action.
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All primates are capable of performing grasping with opposition of the thumb and index finger.
All primates are capable of performing grasping with opposition of the thumb and index finger.
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F5 neurons can distinguish between the mechanical aspects of movement when using different pliers.
F5 neurons can distinguish between the mechanical aspects of movement when using different pliers.
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The grasping neurons in F5 have similar discharge patterns when using both normal and reverse pliers.
The grasping neurons in F5 have similar discharge patterns when using both normal and reverse pliers.
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Emphasis on kinematic aspects of movements is paramount for F5 neuronal firing.
Emphasis on kinematic aspects of movements is paramount for F5 neuronal firing.
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Certain monkeys can perform side grasp instead of precision grasp due to lower degrees of freedom required.
Certain monkeys can perform side grasp instead of precision grasp due to lower degrees of freedom required.
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The anterior intraparietal lobe is not involved in the functioning of area F5 in relation to object affordances.
The anterior intraparietal lobe is not involved in the functioning of area F5 in relation to object affordances.
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Neurons in F5 primarily encode the kinematic requirements of a grip rather than the action goal.
Neurons in F5 primarily encode the kinematic requirements of a grip rather than the action goal.
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Training can enable all monkeys to perform precision grasping movements.
Training can enable all monkeys to perform precision grasping movements.
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Study Notes
Higher Order Motor Functions
- The sole executant for movement is muscle, whether a syllable or felling a forest.
- Complex cognitive behaviors are a sequence of motor acts, requiring a series of muscle actions.
- Motor outputs are neural commands that cause muscle contraction.
- Corticospinal tract and primary motor cortex (pyramidal neurons) generate these outputs.
- Motor movements are derived from integrated multisensory input, involving parietal-premotor pathways for sensory-motor transformation.
Different Types of Information Needed for Movement
- Extrinsic information - sensory environment, including objects, people, and other sensory inputs (sound, smell, taste, touch, vision) that trigger behaviors.
- Intrinsic information
- Kinematic- movement parameters
- Kinetic - force generated and muscle required.
Grasping a Cup of Coffee (Part 1)
- Three problems the motor system must solve
- Space localization - locate the cup in space.
- Physical properties - extract the cup's physical properties.
- Current status - translate properties into a motor act.
Historical Aspects of Movement
- Experiments involving retrograde tracer injection into the monkey's lateral funiculus (corticospinal tract) shows the activation areas and areas stained, such as Area 5 and parietal lobe.
- Historically, studies focused on the primary motor cortex and premotor areas.
- A shift in 1976 focused on the posterior parietal cortex, identifying neurons active only during active movements
- Neurons discharge strongly when a monkey reaches, grasps, explores for objects, or manipulates objects.
- Neurons discharged during tasks involving environment exploration and object grasping.
Dorsal and Ventral Streams
- The dorsal stream is subdivided into dorso-dorsal (action control) and ventro-dorsal (action organization, space perception) streams.
- The dorso-dorsal stream includes area V6, V6A, and MIP of the superior parietal lobule.
- The ventro-dorsal stream includes area MT and visual areas in the inferior parietal lobule.
Space Localization for Reaching Movements
- The planning of a reaching movement involves translating object location in space into arm movements.
- Several spatial maps in the parietal and premotor cortex are crucial for representing space for reaching.
Physical Properties
- Grasping an object requires sensory information about its physical properties.
- Neural populations in parietal and precentral cortex plan reaching to acquire an object
- Neural populations in parietal and precentral areas prepare grasping and lifting.
- Sensory information translates into arm trajectory and grip structure.
- Affordances are crucial information for understanding how actions are linked to an object.
Goal of Action
- F5 neurons encode the goal of the action, not the kinetic or kinematic aspects, regardless of the specific tool (like pliers) used.
- Neurons in the inferior parietal cortex and the prefrontal cortex respond depending on the target.
Functional Organization of Primary Motor Cortex
- Primary motor cortex neurons discharge during specific hand movements.
- The kinetic aspect of the movement, muscle recruitment, is reflected in the firing rate.
- Primary motor cortex neurons are involved in not only encoding movement, but also movement direction.
- The results of spike triggered average demonstrate that cortical motor neurons coordinate kinetic and kinematic aspects.
Supplementary Motor Cortex
- Encodes sequences of movements, rather than individual movements.
- Contains neurons that fire before a movement in a sequence.
- Neurons involved in ordering and sequencing movements.
Neurological Disorders
- Lesions in SMA can result in akinesia, release phenomena, alien hand syndrome, or anarchic hand syndrome.
Planning Action
- Premotor areas are critical for planning the actions.
- The rules about an action, like in gambling, are encoded, in the motor areas and prefrontal areas.
- Motor areas learn motor skills and social behaviors.
Mirror Neurons
- Discovered as visual-motor neurons in F5, which discharge when performing an action, and when observing another performing the same action.
- Allow a direct matching hypothesis, where the observation of actions activates corresponding motor circuits of the observer
- Activated by not just observing actions, but expecting or not performing an action. These neurons categorize actions as self-type, other-type, and self-other type, linking our environment to our brain-body system.
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Description
Explore the complexities of higher order motor functions and how cognitive behaviors are executed through muscle actions. This quiz delves into the neural pathways involved, types of information needed for movement, and practical applications like grasping a cup of coffee.
