F5- Higher Order Motor Functions
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Questions and Answers

The dorso-dorsal stream is primarily involved in the understanding of action.

False (B)

Area V6A is a key component of the ventro-dorsal stream.

False (B)

The middle parietal areas, including V6A and MIP, play a role in the ventro-dorsal stream.

False (B)

Damage to the dorso-dorsal stream can lead to optic ataxia.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ventro-dorsal stream does not play a role in space perception.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Visuomotor neurons in the AIP discharge during grasping of an object in dark conditions.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The VIP-F4 circuit is located in the superior parietal cortex.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Motor dominant neurons in the AIP discharge when you just see the object (fixation).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Polymodal neurons in the parietal and pre-motor cortex are only responsive to tactile stimuli.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Visual dominant neurons in the AIP do NOT discharge during grasping of an object in dark conditions.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The activity of neurons in the AIP is not influenced by the purpose of an action.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The motor act of grasping is always the same, regardless of the objective.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The activity of neurons in the ventral pre-motor cortex (F5) only correlates with motor acts, not visual stimuli.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Canonical neurons in area F5 show a preference for specific objects during both observation and grasping.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The congruence between visual and grasping preference for a particular object indicates how to interact with the object.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The activity of neurons in the AIP is not related to the activity of neurons in the ventral pre-motor cortex (F5).

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The activity of neurons in the F5 area is not altered by the injection of muscimol.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The movement of the monkey's hand is not affected by the injection of muscimol, only the shaping of the hand with respect to the object.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Patients with optic ataxia have difficulty reaching for objects due to a problem in the dorsal stream.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The primary motor cortex receives input from both the dorsal-dorsal stream and the dorsal-ventral stream.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The manipulandum used in Edward Evarts' experiments was designed to allow for a free wrist movement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neurons in the F5 area respond only to the kinetic and kinematic aspects of a movement.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Normal pliers require the activation of the extensor digitorum muscle, which is an extrinsic muscle of the hand.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The monkey's ability to grasp objects is directly controlled by the primary motor cortex.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Reverse pliers activate the same muscle groups as normal pliers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A reversible chemical lesion in AIP would have a similar effect on movement coordination as a lesion in F5.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mirror neurons only activate when the observer performs the action themselves.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The parietal premotor network is not involved in the coding of actions performed by others.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The observation of actions can activate motor circuits responsible for similar actions in the observer according to the direct matching hypothesis.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If a plexiglass covers an object, mirror neurons will still fire only if the monkey knows there is an object behind it.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Mirror neurons were discovered solely in the ventral premotor cortex.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurons in F5 discharge more during whole-hand grip than precision grip.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The neuronal firing in F5 is not influenced by the specific goal of an action.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All primates are capable of performing grasping with opposition of the thumb and index finger.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

F5 neurons can distinguish between the mechanical aspects of movement when using different pliers.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The grasping neurons in F5 have similar discharge patterns when using both normal and reverse pliers.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Emphasis on kinematic aspects of movements is paramount for F5 neuronal firing.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Certain monkeys can perform side grasp instead of precision grasp due to lower degrees of freedom required.

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The anterior intraparietal lobe is not involved in the functioning of area F5 in relation to object affordances.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Neurons in F5 primarily encode the kinematic requirements of a grip rather than the action goal.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Training can enable all monkeys to perform precision grasping movements.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Dorso-dorsal stream

A neural pathway in the brain that helps us control our movements and reach for objects. It's formed by areas V6, V6A and MIP of the superior parietal lobule.

Ventro-dorsal stream

A neural pathway involved in both action organization and spatial understanding. It's comprised of area MT and visual areas in the inferior parietal lobule.

Space localization

The process of figuring out where something is in space to plan our movements, especially reaching for objects.

Spatial Maps

Different regions in the brain that represent and process different aspects of space. Some are involved in understanding near space, while others deal with larger spatial scales.

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Peripersonal Space

An area located in the inferior parietal lobule and ventral premotor cortex that helps us navigate and interact with objects within our reach.

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VIP-F4 circuit

A circuit in the brain that connects the ventral intraparietal sulcus (VIP) with area F4. It contains neurons that respond to both touch and sight, helping us understand how objects feel and look.

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Polymodal neurons

Neurons that respond to both visual and tactile stimuli. They play a crucial role in connecting our visual and tactile experiences.

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What are mirror neurons?

Mirror neurons are a special type of neuron that fire both when an individual performs an action and when they observe someone else performing the same action.

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What is the direct matching hypothesis?

The 'direct matching hypothesis' suggests that observing someone else perform an action activates the same motor circuits in the observer's brain as if they were performing the action themselves.

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How do mirror neurons show intention understanding?

Mirror neurons fire when the monkey observes an action, even if the object is hidden, suggesting that they encode the intention behind the action.

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Where else are mirror neurons found in the brain?

Mirror neurons are located not only in the premotor cortex but also in the parietal lobe, helping to decipher the specific goal of an action.

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What are social affordances?

Social affordances refer to the actions that are possible based on social cues, similar to how object affordances refer to actions possible with objects.

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Motor Dominant Neurons

Neurons in the AIP that primarily respond to the act of grasping an object, regardless of visual input.

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Visuomotor Neurons

Neurons in the AIP that respond to both visual information and the act of grasping an object. They connect visual input with the motor action.

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Visual Dominant Neurons

Neurons in the AIP that primarily respond to visual information about an object, even before grasping.

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AIP (Anterior Intraparietal Area)

Area of the brain involved in planning and controlling complex movements, including grasping.

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Canonical Neurons

Neurons that show a clear preference for specific objects during both visual observation and grasping, reflecting how the object is usually manipulated. They're found in the ventral premotor cortex.

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Ventral Pre-motor Cortex

The ventral pre-motor cortex, a part of the brain involved in planning and controlling motor acts, especially complex hand and mouth movements.

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Purpose-Dependent Neural Activity

The activity of neurons in the AIP and ventral pre-motor cortex is influenced by the intended use of an object. Grasping a cup for drinking vs. washing involves the same movement, but the underlying neural activity differs.

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Overlapping Representations of Hand and Mouth Movements

The overlap of hand and mouth movement representations in the ventral pre-motor cortex, indicating a shared neural circuitry for these actions.

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Specialization of Neurons for Grasping

Neurons in the AIP and ventral pre-motor cortex are highly specialized, having distinct roles in visual processing, motor planning, and object interaction.

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Neural Representation of Grasping Techniques

The neurons involved in controlling hand movements are not sensitive to the specific techniques used (like normal or reverse pliers). They focus on the overall goal of the action.

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F5 Lesion and Grasping

A reversible chemical lesion in the F5 area of the brain temporarily disrupts hand movement execution, particularly affecting the shaping of the hand for gripping.

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AIP Lesion and Grasping

A reversible chemical lesion in the AIP area of the brain also causes difficulties in coordinating hand movements for grasping, similar to the effects of a lesion in F5.

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Motor Apraxia

A neurological condition causing difficulty in coordinating hand movements for grasping, even though reaching is unaffected.

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Optic Ataxia

A neurological condition causing misreaching of the object, affecting the accuracy of aiming towards the target.

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Combining Visual Information for Movement

The brain combines visual information from dorsal and ventral streams to create complete motor commands, which are then sent to the primary motor cortex.

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Primary Motor Cortex (M1) Role

The primary motor cortex (M1) is responsible for sending signals to the corticospinal tract, which then controls muscle movements.

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Edward Evarts & M1 Research

Edward Evarts was a pioneer in studying the properties of neurons in the primary motor cortex during hand-arm movements.

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Manipulandum

An object used in experiments to measure and control hand-arm movements.

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Variable Weight Conditions

Changing the amount of effort needed for a movement, either requiring more or less force depending on the weight used.

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Goal-Encoding Neurons in F5

Neurons in area F5 of the brain encode the specific goal of an action, not just the physical movements involved.

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Plier Experiment

An experiment where a monkey learned to use two types of pliers: normal and reverse. Normal pliers required a grasping movement, while reverse pliers required a release movement.

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F5 Neuron Firing Rate

The firing rate of neurons in F5 reflects the intended goal of the action, regardless of the specific movement required to achieve it.

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F5 Neuron Response to Pliers

In the plier experiment, F5 neurons fired similarly for both normal and reverse pliers, indicating they encoded the goal of grasping or releasing, not the specific movement pattern.

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EMG Activity

The specific muscle activity used in grasping is reflected in electromyogram (EMG) signals.

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Precision Grasp and Corticospinal Tract

The ability to grasp with precision using the thumb and index finger is a result of the development of a large corticospinal tract, which connects the brain to the spinal cord.

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Precision Grasp in Primates

Not all primates can perform precision grasping because they lack the necessary development of the corticospinal tract.

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Side Grasp

An alternative grasping technique used by primates lacking precise finger control, where objects are held with the side of the hand.

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Object Affordances

The concept that different objects require different types of grips to be effectively handled.

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Study Notes

Higher Order Motor Functions

  • The sole executant for movement is muscle, whether a syllable or felling a forest.
  • Complex cognitive behaviors are a sequence of motor acts, requiring a series of muscle actions.
  • Motor outputs are neural commands that cause muscle contraction.
  • Corticospinal tract and primary motor cortex (pyramidal neurons) generate these outputs.
  • Motor movements are derived from integrated multisensory input, involving parietal-premotor pathways for sensory-motor transformation.

Different Types of Information Needed for Movement

  • Extrinsic information - sensory environment, including objects, people, and other sensory inputs (sound, smell, taste, touch, vision) that trigger behaviors.
  • Intrinsic information
    • Kinematic- movement parameters
    • Kinetic - force generated and muscle required.

Grasping a Cup of Coffee (Part 1)

  • Three problems the motor system must solve
    • Space localization - locate the cup in space.
    • Physical properties - extract the cup's physical properties.
    • Current status - translate properties into a motor act.

Historical Aspects of Movement

  • Experiments involving retrograde tracer injection into the monkey's lateral funiculus (corticospinal tract) shows the activation areas and areas stained, such as Area 5 and parietal lobe.
  • Historically, studies focused on the primary motor cortex and premotor areas.
  • A shift in 1976 focused on the posterior parietal cortex, identifying neurons active only during active movements
  • Neurons discharge strongly when a monkey reaches, grasps, explores for objects, or manipulates objects.
  • Neurons discharged during tasks involving environment exploration and object grasping.

Dorsal and Ventral Streams

  • The dorsal stream is subdivided into dorso-dorsal (action control) and ventro-dorsal (action organization, space perception) streams.
  • The dorso-dorsal stream includes area V6, V6A, and MIP of the superior parietal lobule.
  • The ventro-dorsal stream includes area MT and visual areas in the inferior parietal lobule.

Space Localization for Reaching Movements

  • The planning of a reaching movement involves translating object location in space into arm movements.
  • Several spatial maps in the parietal and premotor cortex are crucial for representing space for reaching.

Physical Properties

  • Grasping an object requires sensory information about its physical properties.
  • Neural populations in parietal and precentral cortex plan reaching to acquire an object
  • Neural populations in parietal and precentral areas prepare grasping and lifting.
  • Sensory information translates into arm trajectory and grip structure.
  • Affordances are crucial information for understanding how actions are linked to an object.

Goal of Action

  • F5 neurons encode the goal of the action, not the kinetic or kinematic aspects, regardless of the specific tool (like pliers) used.
  • Neurons in the inferior parietal cortex and the prefrontal cortex respond depending on the target.

Functional Organization of Primary Motor Cortex

  • Primary motor cortex neurons discharge during specific hand movements.
  • The kinetic aspect of the movement, muscle recruitment, is reflected in the firing rate.
  • Primary motor cortex neurons are involved in not only encoding movement, but also movement direction.
  • The results of spike triggered average demonstrate that cortical motor neurons coordinate kinetic and kinematic aspects.

Supplementary Motor Cortex

  • Encodes sequences of movements, rather than individual movements.
  • Contains neurons that fire before a movement in a sequence.
  • Neurons involved in ordering and sequencing movements.

Neurological Disorders

  • Lesions in SMA can result in akinesia, release phenomena, alien hand syndrome, or anarchic hand syndrome.

Planning Action

  • Premotor areas are critical for planning the actions.
  • The rules about an action, like in gambling, are encoded, in the motor areas and prefrontal areas.
  • Motor areas learn motor skills and social behaviors.

Mirror Neurons

  • Discovered as visual-motor neurons in F5, which discharge when performing an action, and when observing another performing the same action.
  • Allow a direct matching hypothesis, where the observation of actions activates corresponding motor circuits of the observer
  • Activated by not just observing actions, but expecting or not performing an action. These neurons categorize actions as self-type, other-type, and self-other type, linking our environment to our brain-body system.

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Description

Explore the complexities of higher order motor functions and how cognitive behaviors are executed through muscle actions. This quiz delves into the neural pathways involved, types of information needed for movement, and practical applications like grasping a cup of coffee.

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