Heuristics and Decision Making Quiz

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Questions and Answers

When given information consistent with a typical engineer, individuals are likely to rely on which heuristic in their decision-making?

  • availability heuristic
  • confirmation heuristic
  • recency heuristic
  • representativeness heuristic (correct)

Racism is categorized as a form of explicit bias. What is the correct answer?

  • True (correct)
  • It depends on the severity
  • False
  • Only in certain contexts

Which of the following best illustrates the concept of the availability heuristic?

  • Selecting a restaurant because it has a high rating online
  • Ignoring weather forecasts because of a sunny week
  • Deciding not to fly because of a recent plane crash you heard about (correct)
  • Choosing a movie based on its trailer

The framing of a news story can significantly influence public perception. Is it important to understand media framing to reduce confirmation bias?

<p>True (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the steps recommended to improve critical thinking skills?

<p>trust popular opinion (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What constitutes a bias in the context of perception?

<p>A set idea often based on flawed assumptions (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What level of critical thinking is involved in the statement, 'If global warming is real, then I don’t think we will still have winter'?

<p>Limited critical thinking (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which option best describes a situation where media framing influences interpretation?

<p>A journalist reporting only positive aspects of a candidate (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a limitation of the common sense heuristic?

<p>It is often derived from inaccurate observations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is the availability heuristic always a reliable method for decision-making?

<p>No, it can lead to skewed perceptions based on memorable experiences. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is an effective strategy to combat implicit bias?

<p>Seeking information from diverse and trustworthy sources. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the framing effect?

<p>It affects how information is interpreted without changing its meaning. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary aim of critical thinking?

<p>To find the most accurate solution using available information. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why might people fear sharks more than hippopotamuses?

<p>The availability heuristic makes them more memorable. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the availability heuristic rely on for decision-making?

<p>Recent or easily recalled experiences. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which is a true statement about the common sense heuristic?

<p>It is based on an individual's observations. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Common Sense Heuristic

A decision-making shortcut based on personal observation and experience.

Availability Heuristic

Judging the likelihood of something based on how easily examples come to mind.

Implicit Bias

Unconscious biases that affect our judgments and actions.

Framing Effect

How the way information is presented influences our perception.

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Critical Thinking Objective

Finding the best possible answer given available information, not necessarily a perfect answer.

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Availability Heuristic Example

Fear of sharks more than hippos because sharks are more frequently covered in the media.

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Why Common Sense Heuristic is not perfect

It's based on individual observation, not always accurate data, and can be influenced by emotions.

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Overcoming Implicit Bias

Question assumptions, seek diverse perspectives, and actively learn.,

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Representativeness Heuristic

Judging the likelihood of something based on how well it fits a stereotype or mental model.

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Affect Heuristic

Making decisions based on emotions and feelings, rather than logical reasoning.

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Base-Rate Heuristic

Ignoring general information and relying on specific, individual case information.

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Availability Heuristic in Action

When you judge the likelihood of something based on how easily examples come to mind.

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Media Framing

The way news stories are presented, influencing how audiences interpret information.

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Confirmation Bias

Seeking out and favoring information that confirms existing beliefs, ignoring contradictory information.

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Critical Thinking Levels

Thinking critically involves analyzing information, evaluating evidence, and forming logical judgments.

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Study Notes

Question 1: Common Sense Heuristic

  • Common sense heuristics rely on individual observations, not data.
  • They do not consider emotions.
  • They are used for quick decisions.
  • They can be based on false information, thus not guaranteeing a correct conclusion.

Question 2: Availability Heuristic

  • False. The availability heuristic is not based on an individual's observation of a situation, but rather on the ease with which instances come to mind.

Question 3: Overcoming Implicit Bias

  • Ask questions.
  • Get information from reliable sources.
  • Listen to different perspectives, especially from diverse backgrounds.

Question 4: Framing Effect

  • Framing can change how information is perceived, even if the meaning doesn't change.
  • Framing is affected by prior knowledge and biases.
  • Framing can present information positively or negatively, potentially manipulating perception.

Question 5: Common Sense as a Heuristic

  • False. Common sense is not a heuristic in the precise sense of the term.

Question 6: Aim of Critical Thinking

  • To get the best possible answer using available information.

Question 7: Fear of Sharks vs. Hippos

  • Availability heuristic. Easier to recall shark attacks than hippo attacks, leading to disproportionate fear.

Question 8: National Vaccine Information Center Image

  • Availability heuristic. Information is presented in a way that increases its memorability.

Question 9: Judging Engineers

  • Representativeness heuristic. Comparing the person to a typical engineer.

Question 10: Racism as Explicit Bias

  • False. Racism can be explicit or implicit bias.

Question 11: Availability Heuristic Example

  • Choosing a movie based on poster design, not relevant information.

Question 12: Media Framing and Confirmation Bias

  • True. Awareness of media framing helps reduce confirmation bias; seeing different perspectives can help counteract bias.

Question 13: Improving Critical Thinking Skills

  • Formulate questions; gather information; apply information; consider implications; explore other perspectives.

Question 14: Bias Definition

  • True. A bias is a preconceived idea, often inaccurate.

Question 15: Level of Critical Thinking

  • Limited critical thinking. The response demonstrates a lack of nuance, and a reliance on personal anecdote rather than evidence-based reasoning.

Question 16: Themba (Insufficient Information)

  • Insufficient information provided to generate notes.

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