HESI A2 Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards 2021

Questions and Answers

Blood is prevented from changing direction in the veins by:

Pressure from the heart

Valves (correct)

Suction from the heart

None of the above

The liquid part of the blood is called:

Plasma (correct)

Blood fluid

Serous fluid

None of the above

Blood cells that are responsible for transportation of oxygen are called:

Leukocytes

Thrombocytes

Erythrocytes (correct)

None of the above

What is the thyroid cartilage commonly known as?

Adam's apple Signup and view all the answers

When exhaling, the diaphragm:

Relaxes Signup and view all the answers

Which bone forms the rib cage of the thoracic region with the ribs?

Sternum Signup and view all the answers

The humerus and ulna form the:

Elbow joint Signup and view all the answers

The patella is also called:

Kneecap Signup and view all the answers

The bone that is stationary during the movement is called the:

Origin Signup and view all the answers

How many origins does a quadriceps have?

4 Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the brain is responsible for higher brain functions?

The cerebral cortex Signup and view all the answers

How many thoracic spinal nerves are in the human body?

12 Signup and view all the answers

In which region of the small intestine are most of the nutrients absorbed?

The jejunum Signup and view all the answers

Testes are an organ found in:

Males Signup and view all the answers

What are the two main parts of the human body's central nervous system?

The brain and the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

When measuring blood pressure, the numbers represent:

The systolic and diastolic pressures, respectively Signup and view all the answers

The superior vena cava:

Ascends from the right atrium Signup and view all the answers

The rectum is a part of:

The large intestine Signup and view all the answers

Where does digestion start?

The mouth Signup and view all the answers

The large intestine mainly:

Absorbs water Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the process that happens in the red bone marrow?

Hematopoiesis Signup and view all the answers

The vertebral column protects the:

Spinal column Signup and view all the answers

In the digestive system, the majority of nutrients are absorbed in the:

Small intestine Signup and view all the answers

What are the motor units made of?

Muscle cells Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of a state of constant muscle contraction caused by rapid successive nerve signals?

Tetanus Signup and view all the answers

Where does integration happen?

CNS Signup and view all the answers

Which part of the PNS is accountable for the flight reaction?

The sympathetic Signup and view all the answers

People who suffer from Type I diabetes are lacking function in which organ?

Pancreas Signup and view all the answers

In the human body, which of the following is responsible for clotting blood?

Platelets Signup and view all the answers

The tidal volume is the amount of air moved during:

Shallow breathing Signup and view all the answers

At what rate does a healthy heart pump blood while resting?

Around 5 liters per minute Signup and view all the answers

Which of the layers of the wall of the heart contains cardiac muscles?

Myocardium Signup and view all the answers

The heart chamber with the thickest wall is:

The left ventricle Signup and view all the answers

The blood from the left ventricle goes to:

The aorta and aortic arch Signup and view all the answers

The blood vessels that carry the blood from the heart are called:

Arteries Signup and view all the answers

All of the following contribute material to semen except:

The penis Signup and view all the answers

Fertilization typically takes place in the:

Fallopian tubes Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the placenta is not true?

The placenta is expelled during the menstrual cycle if fertilization does not take place. Signup and view all the answers

Which gland(s) indirectly controls growth by acting on the pituitary?

Hypothalamus Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone is primarily responsible for the development of male secondary sexual characteristics?

Testosterone Signup and view all the answers

A patient experiencing symptoms such as kidney stones and arthritis due to calcium imbalance probably has a disorder of which gland?

Parathyroid Signup and view all the answers

Food passes through all of the following organs except:

Liver Signup and view all the answers

How many pair(s) of salivary glands are in the human body?

3 Signup and view all the answers

The esophagus performs all of the following functions except:

Moving food from the stomach to the small intestine Signup and view all the answers

Which layer of the stomach contains blood vessels and nerves?

The submucosa Signup and view all the answers

Bile is stored in the:

Gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following forms the CNS with the brain?

The spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

The part of the neuron that is mainly responsible for transporting information from the cell is called the:

Axon Signup and view all the answers

The neurons that signal muscles to contract are called:

Efferent neurons Signup and view all the answers

Cerebrospinal fluid can be found in all of the following except:

Arachnoid mater Signup and view all the answers

The hypothalamus is located in the:

Prosencephalon Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is found in the blood vessels?

Visceral muscle Signup and view all the answers

Cardiac muscle is:

Involuntary muscle Signup and view all the answers

Tendons always attach skeletal muscle to bone:

On at least one end Signup and view all the answers

Myofibrils:

Cause muscle contractions Signup and view all the answers

How many bones do adults have?

206 Signup and view all the answers

Which is the strongest type of skeletal muscle?

Type II B Signup and view all the answers

Stem cells can be found in the:

Red bone marrow Signup and view all the answers

The long bones are the main bones of the:

Limbs Signup and view all the answers

The jawbone is called the:

Mandible Signup and view all the answers

The primary opening for breathing in and out is:

The nose Signup and view all the answers

The second vertebral in the chest region is called:

T2 Signup and view all the answers

The air that we breathe in through the mouth enters the throat at the:

Oropharynx Signup and view all the answers

How many lobes does the left lung have?

2 Signup and view all the answers

Bronchioles branch from the:

Tertiary bronchi Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Blood and Circulation

Blood direction in veins is regulated by valves, preventing backflow.
Plasma is the liquid component of blood, making up the majority.
Erythrocytes (red blood cells) are responsible for oxygen transportation.

Anatomy of the Throat and Lungs

The thyroid cartilage is commonly known as the Adam's apple.
During exhalation, the diaphragm relaxes.
The rib cage is formed by the sternum and ribs; it protects thoracic organs.

Musculoskeletal Connections

Humerus and ulna form the elbow joint.
The patella, also known as the kneecap, is vital for knee function.
Muscle origins are stationary points during contraction; the quadriceps have four origins.

Nervous System Overview

The cerebral cortex manages higher brain functions.
There are 12 thoracic spinal nerves in the human body.
Central nervous system (CNS) comprises the brain and spinal cord.

Digestion and Metabolism

Most nutrient absorption occurs in the jejunum region of the small intestine.
Digestion begins in the mouth, where food is mechanically broken down.
The large intestine's main role is to absorb water from indigestible food.

Endocrine Functions

Hematopoiesis occurs in red bone marrow, producing blood cells.
Testes are male reproductive organs, responsible for sperm production.
The hypothalamus indirectly controls growth by influencing the pituitary gland.

Heart and Respiratory System

Blood pressure readings consist of systolic and diastolic pressures.
The left ventricle pumps oxygenated blood into the aorta.
A healthy heart pumps approximately 5 liters of blood per minute during rest.

Muscle and Bone Structures

Cardiac muscle is involuntary, keeping the heart beating unconsciously.
Bones protect vital organs and support body structure; adults have 206 bones.
Myofibrils are responsible for muscle contractions, found in skeletal muscle.

Female Reproductive System

Fertilization typically takes place in the fallopian tubes.
The placenta releases hormones and provides nutrients to the fetus.

Respiratory Pathways

The primary entryway for breathing is the nose.
The left lung is composed of two lobes, allowing efficient gas exchange.

Special Functions

Cerebrospinal fluid circulates in the ventricles and subarachnoid space, providing cushioning.
Platelets are responsible for blood clotting, essential for wound healing.

Senses and Integration

Motor neurons signal muscle contraction, playing a crucial role in movement.
Integration of sensory data primarily happens in the central nervous system.

Glandular Functions and Disorders

Parathyroid glands manage calcium levels, influencing conditions like kidney stones.
The adrenal glands play a role in stress responses through hormone release.

Digestive Pathway

Food travels through the esophagus, stomach, and intestines; the liver does not participate in this process directly.

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Description

Test your knowledge of anatomy and physiology concepts with this set of flashcards designed for the HESI A2 exam in 2021. Each card focuses on key terms and definitions that are crucial for understanding human body systems and functions. Prepare effectively for your exam by mastering these essential topics.