HESI A2 Practice Flashcards

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of the digestive tract? (Select all that apply)

To use enzymes to break down food

To remove waste from the body

To perform gas exchange (correct)

To use peristalsis to move food along

The best definition of homeostasis is:

A process that maintains the immune system's defenses

A process that maintains the stability of the human body's internal environment in response to changes in internal and external conditions (correct)

A process in which the body resists change to genetic structure

A function via which the body breaks down glucose to use as energy

The endocrine system of the body is responsible for:

Communication through the use of hormones (correct)

Defense through the use of antibodies

Blood flow through the use of the heart muscle

Metabolism through the use of enzymes

Anatomical position shows the body in a(n) ________ position.

anterior Signup and view all the answers

Vitamin K is created in the:

Intestinal tract Signup and view all the answers

The largest organ in the body is the ________.

skin Signup and view all the answers

A medical scientist wants to study the parenchyma of the kidney. This scientist would correctly be known, most specifically, as a:

Histologist Signup and view all the answers

What is Erythropoiesis?

Red blood cell formation Signup and view all the answers

In which part of the body is keratin NOT found?

Teeth Signup and view all the answers

What is the relationship between sarcomeres and muscle cells?

Muscle cells contain myofibrils, which in turn are made up of sarcomeres Signup and view all the answers

A person who has torn their vastus lateralis muscle will need which of the following?

A cane or crutches Signup and view all the answers

Muscles produce contraction due to the sliding of:

Filaments Signup and view all the answers

The medulla oblongata has what primary responsibility?

Vital functions Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true about simple reflexes?

They travel only through the spinal cord Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of estrogen in the female reproductive system?

It initiates the preparation of the endometrium for pregnancy Signup and view all the answers

What is the name of the structure that transfers urine from the kidneys to the bladder?

ureters Signup and view all the answers

Humans can survive most easily without which of the following?

Gallbladder Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a role of cortisol?

Controlling motor impulses Signup and view all the answers

How many pairs of spinal nerves are known to exit the spinal cord?

31 Signup and view all the answers

The base of the skull is also known as:

Foramen magnum Signup and view all the answers

Cyclic adenosine monophosphate is a substance that performs which of the following?

Acts as a secondary messenger Signup and view all the answers

The neuron is composed of a/n , which transmits signals toward the cell body, and a/n , which transmits signals away from the cell body.

dendrite, axon Signup and view all the answers

The pectoralis major muscle is located in which general area?

the chest Signup and view all the answers

The soleus muscle is located in which general area?

the legs Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is responsible for differentiation, or specialization, of cells?

Hormones Signup and view all the answers

What makes up the alimentary canal?

It consists of mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, and anus. Signup and view all the answers

A woman's body usually ovulates around what day in a normal 30-day cycle?

day 14 Signup and view all the answers

Sperm, once created, are stored in an area of the male body called the ________.

epididymis Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is the best analogy describing the function of the kidneys?

A waste treatment plant Signup and view all the answers

What is the most widely distributed type of sweat gland?

eccrine Signup and view all the answers

Moving the arm toward the body would be described as a movement, rather than a _ movement.

proximal, distal Signup and view all the answers

The orthopedic surgeon informs you that you have broken the end of your femur. What is she describing?

epiphysis Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is true of the axial skeleton?

The axial skeleton consists of a total of 28 bones in the skull Signup and view all the answers

A patient of yours is diagnosed with emphysema. It would be true to say that this patient has difficulty with what type of respiration?

External respiration Signup and view all the answers

Deflections of the EKG represent which of the following?

The electrical activity that precedes contraction and relaxation Signup and view all the answers

Follicle-stimulating hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, and luteinizing hormone are what type of hormones?

Tropic hormones Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of the mastication of food?

To increase its surface area Signup and view all the answers

What stimulates the interstitial cells of the testicles to produce testosterone?

LH (luteinizing hormone) Signup and view all the answers

Inhalation requires the contraction of what surface?

The diaphragm Signup and view all the answers

Which type of muscle is found in the walls of organs such as the stomach and intestines?

Smooth muscle Signup and view all the answers

A bone that is part of the upper limbs is:

Metacarpal Signup and view all the answers

The normal amount of urine produced in a 24-hour period is approximately:

1,500-2,000 ml Signup and view all the answers

What element of the blood is a factor in phagocytosis?

White blood cells Signup and view all the answers

What structure is responsible for making enzymes that detoxify substances we ingest?

Liver Signup and view all the answers

Which hormone helps stimulate the thickening of the endometrium during menstruation?

Progesterone Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not a part of the axial skeleton?

Upper limbs Signup and view all the answers

Major event of muscle contraction?

Stimulation occurs when acetylcholine is released from the end of a motor neuron. Signup and view all the answers

A ventral wound would be found:

In the abdomen Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following would be considered nonrespiratory air movements?

Yawning Signup and view all the answers

The pancreas secretes hormones that:

Regulate glucose in the blood Signup and view all the answers

Thin fingerlike projections that line part of the duodenum and all of the jejunum and ileum are called:

Villi Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in the cervical vertebrae?

7 Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in the thoracic vertebrae?

12 Signup and view all the answers

How many bones are in the lumbar vertebrae?

5 Signup and view all the answers

The latissimus dorsi are found in the:

Shoulders Signup and view all the answers

Striated muscles attach to:

Bones Signup and view all the answers

When air enters the bronchi, it travels to the:

Bronchioles Signup and view all the answers

Bones are classified according to:

Their shape (tissue type: compact or spongy) (shape: long, short, flat, or irregular) Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Digestive and Body Functions

Functions of the digestive tract include breaking down food with enzymes, waste removal, and moving food via peristalsis; it does NOT perform gas exchange, which is the role of the respiratory system.
Homeostasis is the process maintaining the stability of the body's internal environment amid internal and external changes.

Endocrine and Muscle Systems

The endocrine system facilitates communication throughout the body using hormones.
Anatomical position refers to the body facing forward in an anterior position.
The largest organ in the human body is the skin.

Cellular and Tissue Functions

Histologists study tissues, including the parenchyma of organs like the kidney.
Erythropoiesis refers to the formation of red blood cells, while Hemopoiesis encompasses all blood cell formation.
Keratin is a fibrous protein found in hair, skin, and nails, but not teeth.

Muscle Structure and Function

Muscle cells contain myofibrils made up of sarcomeres, which are essential for contraction driven by filament sliding.
The vastus lateralis is a leg muscle; injury may require mobility aids like a cane or crutches.

Nervous System and Reflexes

The medulla oblongata controls vital functions, including heart rate and respiration.
Simple reflexes are specific to the spinal cord and do not involve the brain.

Female Reproductive System

Estrogen prepares the endometrium for potential pregnancy during the menstrual cycle.

Urinary and Excretory Systems

Urine travels from the kidneys to the bladder via ureters.
The gallbladder, which stores bile, is not essential for survival as the GI tract can produce bile without it.

Hormonal Functions in the Body

Cortisol's roles include reducing inflammation and raising blood sugar, but it does not control motor impulses.
Tropic hormones, like FSH, TSH, and LH, influence other endocrine glands.

Nutritional and Digestive Processes

Mastication increases food surface area, aiding in digestion.
Sperm are stored in the epididymis after production.

Respiratory Mechanics

Inhalation involves diaphragm contraction, while external respiration refers to gas exchange in the alveoli.

Cardiac and Vascular Functions

EKG deflections indicate the electrical activity before the heart contrasts and relaxes.
White blood cells play a role in phagocytosis, essential for the immune response.

Skeletal and Muscular System Overview

The axial skeleton includes 28 bones in the skull, and the vertebrae consist of cervical (7), thoracic (12), and lumbar (5) bones.
Bones are categorized based on shape, including long, short, flat, or irregular types.

General Anatomy and Physiology

The latissimus dorsi muscle is located in the shoulders.
Villi are tiny projections in the duodenum and intestines that aid in nutrient absorption.

Miscellaneous Facts

Normal urine production ranges from 1,500-2,000 ml daily.
Non-respiratory air movements include yawning.

Additional Terminology

Proximal refers to moving toward the body, whereas distal indicates moving away.
An epiphysis is the end part of a long bone, specifically referring to the femur in the context of injury.

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Description

Test your knowledge with these HESI A2 practice flashcards covering key concepts in anatomy and physiology. Each question challenges your understanding of digestive functions and homeostasis. Ideal for students preparing for the HESI A2 exam.