Hereditary Diseases and Trauma Quiz

Hereditary Diseases

• Caused by abnormalities in genetic or chromosomal makeup.
• May be present at birth (congenital) or develop later.
• Single Gene Abnormality: Example: Sickle cell anemia.
• Polygenic Abnormality: Involves multiple genes; examples: gout, hypertension.
• Chromosomal Abnormality: Involves presence/absence of chromosomes; example: Down syndrome.

Trauma

• Caused by physical injuries from external forces.
• A leading cause of death in children and young adults.
• Most frequent causes (CDC): Motor Vehicle Accidents (MVA), fires, poisoning, falls, suffocation, suicide, and homicide.

Inflammation and Infection

• Inflammation: Protective immune response to injury/irritants.
• Infection: Invasion of microorganisms causing tissue damage.
• Often occur together, with inflammation potentially becoming an infection.
• Inflammation signs: Redness, heat, swelling, pain.
• Inflammatory mediators: Histamine, prostaglandins, kinins; cause blood vessel dilation, increased blood flow (redness, heat), WBC movement, edema (swelling), and pain.
• Inflammation can be local or systemic, acute or chronic.

Tumors

• Oncology: Study of cancer.
• Tumors (Neoplasms): Abnormal cell growths.
• Benign Tumors: Typically localized and encapsulated.
• Malignant Tumors: Grow uncontrollably and spread (metastasis).
• Benign Epithelial Tumors: Papilloma (fingerlike projection), adenoma (glandular tumor), nevus (small pigmented tumor).
• Benign Connective Tissue Tumors: Lipoma (fat tumor), osteoma (bone tumor), chondroma (cartilage tumor).
• Malignant Epithelial Tumors (Carcinomas): Melanoma (melanocytes), adenocarcinoma (glandular cancer).
• Malignant Connective Tissue Tumors (Sarcomas): Lymphoma (lymphatic cancer), osteosarcoma (bone cancer), myeloma (bone marrow tumor), fibrosarcoma (fibrous tissue cancer).
• Cancer causes: Genetic factors (oncogenes), carcinogens, age, and viruses.
• Cancer detection: Self-exams, diagnostic imaging (mammograms, CT, MRI), biopsies (Pap smears), blood tests.
• Cancer Treatment: Surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, laser therapy, immunotherapy.

Nutritional Imbalance

• Malnutrition: Inadequate nutrient intake, poor nutritive value, or absorption issues.
• Obesity: Overconsumption of nutrients, lack of exercise.

Impaired Immunity

• Immune system's first line: Intact skin, mucous membranes, tears, secretions, inflammatory response.
• Immunity malfunctions: Allergies (overly intense immune response), autoimmunity (immune system attacks own tissues), immunodeficiency (decrease/absence of leukocytes; ex: AIDS, chemotherapy, radiation, organ transplants).

Infections

• Caused by various pathogenic organisms and particles.
• Viruses: Microscopic, intracellular invaders, with a nucleic acid core and protein coat; classified by shape, nucleic acid type, and reproduction method.
• Bacteria: Tiny, nucleated cells that secrete toxins; classified by oxygen requirement (aerobic/anaerobic), staining properties (Gram-positive/Gram-negative), shape/size (bacilli, cocci, curved/spiral).
• Fungi: Simple organisms similar to plants, lacking chlorophyll; include yeasts and molds.
• Protozoa: Large, single-celled organisms with organized nuclei; infest human fluids, may parasitize or destroy cells; include amoebas, flagellates, ciliates.
• Pathogenic Animals: Large, complex organisms; damage human tissues or organs; include nematodes (roundworms), platyhelminths (flatworms/flukes), arthropods (mites, ticks, lice, fleas, insects).