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A herbarium is a storehouse of ______ specimens.
plant
The specimens are arranged in ______ families and kept in pigeon holes of steel or wooden cupboards.
plant
Herbarium is a reference material for ______, identification and classification of plants.
naming
The herbaria are indexed with unique ______.
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The voucher herbarium specimen is a pressed ______ sample deposited for future reference.
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The specimens are mounted in ______ cm x 29 cm size blotting paper.
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Poisoning kills the plants and prevents the formation of ______ layer.
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The poisoning is generally done by dipping the whole plant in a saturated solution of ______ chloride in ethyl alcohol.
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The dried plant specimens are now mounted on ______ sheets.
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Fixing the processed plant specimen on herbarium sheet is called ______.
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Metabolism can be defined as the sum of all the ______ reactions carried out by an organism.
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Plant ______ is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the plant cell.
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Metabolites are the intermediates and products of ______ and are usually restricted to small molecules.
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A plant cell produces two types of ______: Primary metabolites and Secondary metabolites.
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Primary ______ comprises all metabolic pathways that are essential to the plant's survival.
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The role of primary plant ______ in basic life functions are cell division and growth, respiration, storage and reproduction.
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Secondary metabolites have shown to possess various biological and pharmacological effects such as ______, antifungal, antiviral etc.
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Some primary metabolites are precursors of ______ metabolites.
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Secondary metabolites are used commercially as biologically active compounds as ______, pharmaceuticals, and pesticides.
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Examples of secondary metabolites are ______, phenolics, tannins, flavonoid, anthraquinones, essential oils, steroids etc.
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There are four different pathways used by plants to produce secondary metabolites and each is responsible for the synthesis of different classes of ______.
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The Shikimic acid pathway is responsible for the synthesis of simple ______ glycosides, lignans, coumarins and napthoquinones.
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Primary metabolites include small molecules such as ______ acids, or Krebs cycle intermediates.
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______ play a role as structural elements and cell wall polysaccharides, e.g.cellulose.
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______ can be part of a structural element of a cell.
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The main biological function of ______ is energy storage.
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Some of the organic acids play a role in the ______ cycle.
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Secondary metabolism produces a large number of organic compounds that are not essential to the functioning of the plant (growth, development and reproduction) but are required for the plant to survive in its ______.
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Secondary plant metabolites are useful for ______ purposes (against insects of fungi).
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Secondary plant metabolites also attract ______.
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Study Notes
Herbarium
- A storehouse of plant specimens, collected, dried, and mounted on handmade paper sheets.
- Arranged in plant families and kept in pigeon holes of steel or wooden cupboards for current and future studies.
- Used as a reference material for naming, identification, and classification of plants.
- Each herbarium is assigned an official code, used as a standard reference for citation.
Preparation of Herbarium Specimens
- Collection: Whole plants (herbs) or part of a plant along with flowers and fruits/carpels are collected and mounted in 42 cm x 29 cm blotting paper.
- Poisoning and drying: Poisoning kills the plants, preventing the formation of abscission layers, and the leaves, flowers, and fruits remain intact with the specimen. Mercuric chloride in ethyl alcohol is used for poisoning. The plant is then put between blotters/newspaper in a presser till it gets completely dried.
- Mounting and labelling: The dried plant specimens are mounted on herbarium sheets, usually made up of heavy, long-lasting white handmade paper or thick sheets. The sheet is stiff and flexible to prevent damage during handling.
Metabolism
- Defined as the sum of all biochemical reactions carried out by an organism.
- Plant metabolism is the set of life-sustaining chemical transformations within the plant cell.
Metabolites
- Intermediates and products of metabolism, usually restricted to small molecules.
- Chemical compounds that take part in the process of metabolism.
Primary Metabolites
- Essential to the plant's survival, generating compounds directly involved in growth and development.
- Include sugars, amino acids, tricarboxylic acids, proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides.
- Play a role in cell division and growth, respiration, storage, and reproduction.
- Examples: sugars, amino acids, tricarboxylic acids, or Krebs cycle intermediates, proteins, nucleic acids, and polysaccharides.
Biological Significance of Primary Metabolites
- Carbohydrates: structural elements, energy storage, constituents of various metabolites, and protection against dehydration.
- Proteins: structural elements, enzymes, and receptors.
- Lipids: energy storage, structural components of cell membranes, and signaling molecules.
- Organic Acids: play a role in the Krebs cycle, synthesizing compounds within plant cells.
Secondary Metabolites
- Not essential to the plant's growth, development, and reproduction, but required for survival in its environment.
- Compounds biosynthetically derived from primary metabolites.
- Used for defense purposes (against insects and fungi), provide characteristics color, and attract pollinators.
- Examples: alkaloids, phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, anthraquinones, essential oils, and steroids.
Biological and Pharmacological Effects of Secondary Metabolites
- Antibiotic, antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer effects.
- Provide a scientific base for the use of plants in traditional medicine.
- Used commercially as biologically active compounds as pharmaceuticals, flavors, fragrances, and pesticides.
Pathways of Secondary Metabolite Production
- Shikimic acid pathway: simple phenolics, glycosides, lignans, coumarins, and napthoquinones.
- Acetate-malonate pathway: anthraquinones, flavonoids, tannins.
- Mevalonate pathway: tannins.
- Amino acid pathway: alkaloids.
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Description
Learn about herbaria, storehouses of dried plant specimens used for identification, classification, and research. Understand how they are arranged, maintained, and indexed with unique codes.
