Herbal Medicine Quiz

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Questions and Answers

Which of the following compounds is a key component of tumeric?

  • Gingerols
  • Gingerones
  • Sennidins
  • Curcumin (correct)

What is the primary pharmacological effect of sennidins?

  • Hepatoprotective
  • Laxative (correct)
  • Antinausea
  • Anti-inflammatory

Which of the following plants contains compounds with both cholagogue and hepatoprotective properties?

  • Cassia obtusifolia
  • Curcuma longa
  • Zingiber officinale
  • All of the above (correct)

Which compound in ginger is known for its antinausea effects?

<p>Gingerols (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using tumeric extracts in traditional medicine?

<p>Reducing inflammation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ellagitannins?

<p>To act as antioxidants (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is NOT considered a complex tannin?

<p>Resveratrol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of the compound Lawsone, found in henna?

<p>To treat skin infections (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a potential benefit attributed to Resveratrol?

<p>Reducing the risk of heart disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common source of Resveratrol?

<p>Green Tea (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the traditional use of Henna root decoction?

<p>Inducing labor (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of an anthraquinone?

<p>Senna (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the scientific name for Gelenggang kecil, a type of local senna?

<p>Cassia occidentalis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is NOT a caffeic acid derivative discussed in the text?

<p>Lithospermic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is NOT a caffeic acid derivative?

<p>Salicylic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a function of phenolics?

<p>Primary source of energy for plants (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the shikimate pathway is correct?

<p>It is responsible for the production of benzoic acids, cinnamic acid derivatives, and other related compounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The text mentions that Java tea (Misai Kucing) is traditionally used as a diuretic. Which of the following caffeic acid derivatives is found in Java tea, according to the text?

<p>Caffeic esters (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a known inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase that is mentioned in the text?

<p>3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants is mentioned as a source of Chicoric acid?

<p>Echinacea angustifolia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following terms best describes the relationship between phenolics and the shikimate pathway?

<p>Phenolics are synthesized through the shikimate pathway. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following phytochemicals is NOT found in citrus fruits?

<p>Anthocyanins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary use of witch hazel?

<p>Treatment of venous insufficiency and haemorrhoids (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a flavonone glycoside found in citrus fruits?

<p>Naringin (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of anthocyanins mentioned in the text?

<p>Vitamin P &amp; non-toxic coloring agents (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a source of anthocyanins?

<p>Green tea leaves (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a type of anthocyanin?

<p>Hesperidin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a common source of tannins?

<p>Green tea (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tannins in traditional medicine?

<p>Astringent and antidiarrheal (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main structural difference between hydrolysable tannins and procyanidins?

<p>Hydrolysable tannins are composed of glucose esters, while procyanidins are linked flavan-3-ols units (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a common source of tannins mentioned in the text?

<p>Hibiscus leaves (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of coumarin?

<p>Found in citrus plants (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a potential medicinal use for furocoumarins?

<p>Treatment of skin conditions like psoriasis (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary application of podophyllotoxin?

<p>Treatment of venereal warts (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a key characteristic of lignin and lignans?

<p>They are important components of plant cell walls (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main difference between etoposide and tenoposide?

<p>Etoposide has a methyl group (CH3) at the R position, while tenoposide has a thienyl group (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a direct precursor in the biosynthesis of various flavonoids?

<p>Podophyllotoxin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of chalcones in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway?

<p>They are the precursors to flavanones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following flavonoids is NOT directly involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway?

<p>Isoflavones (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a known biological property of flavonoids?

<p>Role as plant hormones regulating growth (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following flavonoid types is primarily responsible for the red, blue, and violet colors in plants?

<p>Anthocyanidins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What specific medicinal application is rutin traditionally recognized for?

<p>Treatment of venous insufficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements describes the major function of quercetin?

<p>It scavenges free radicals and prevents oxidation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plant species is NOT directly associated with the presence of rutin?

<p>Citrus aurantium ssp.bergamia (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the distinguishing property of citroflavonoids compared to other flavonoids?

<p>They are exclusively found in citrus species (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, what is a significant concern associated with the use of furocoumarins?

<p>Potential for photosensitization and sunburns (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following medicinal properties are attributed to phenolics?

<p>They are often used as starting materials for drug synthesis. (A), They are sometimes used in weight loss preparations. (B), They have a role in the defense mechanisms of plants. (C), They act as waste products within plants. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Choose the caffeic acid derivative that is NOT mentioned as being found within Java tea (Misai Kucing).

<p>Lithospermic acid (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the compound that serves as an inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase and is found in Baccharis genistelloides.

<p>3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these plants is NOT known to contain Chicoric acid?

<p>Baccharis genistelloides (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic shared by both lignins and lignans?

<p>They are key components of plant cell walls. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the compound that is NOT a direct precursor in the biosynthesis of various flavonoids.

<p>Naringenin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these biological properties is NOT typically associated with flavonoids?

<p>Immune-suppressing activities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is NOT a known medicinal application for Rutin, a flavonoid compound?

<p>Treatment of Alzheimer's disease (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a traditional use of tannins in medicine?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is NOT a type of anthocyanin?

<p>Naringin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants is a source of procyanidins?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of hydrolysable tannins?

<p>To act as astringents (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is an example of a gallotannin?

<p>Pentagalloylglucose (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a traditional use of hawthorn berries?

<p>Treatment of haemorrhoids (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a known benefit attributed to anthocyanins?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants is NOT a source of tannins?

<p>Hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of procyanidins?

<p>They are linked by 4→8 or 4→6 interflavanic bonds. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary traditional use of Henna root decoction?

<p>Abortifacient (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is a potential benefit attributed to Resveratrol?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of Anthraquinone?

<p>Sennidins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is NOT a known laxative?

<p>Lawsone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the common therapeutic use of Curcumin?

<p>Anti-inflammatory agent (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the use of ginger is TRUE?

<p>Ginger is traditionally used to treat stomach problems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is a direct precursor in the biosynthesis of various flavonoids?

<p>Chalcones (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary medicinal application of dicoumarol?

<p>Anticoagulant (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which furocoumarin is specifically mentioned in the text as being a component of bergamot oil?

<p>Bergapten (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary medicinal use of podophyllotoxin?

<p>Treating venereal warts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the key structural difference between etoposide and tenoposide?

<p>Etoposide has a thienyl group, while tenoposide has a methyl group. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these flavonoid types is NOT directly involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway?

<p>Proanthocyanidins (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary medicinal application of rutin traditionally recognized for?

<p>Treating venous insufficiency (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is a key component of turmeric, known for its anti-inflammatory properties?

<p>Curcumin (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which senna species, mentioned in the text, is commonly known as 'Gelenggang kecil'?

<p>Cassia angustifolia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of gingerols, the active components found in ginger?

<p>Hepatoprotective and Cholagogue (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a traditional use of turmeric?

<p>Treating ulcers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Based on the text, which of the following compounds is primarily associated with the laxative effects of Senna species?

<p>Sennidins (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is a flavonone glycoside found in citrus fruits?

<p>Naringin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants is known for its use in treating venous insufficiency and haemorrhoids due to the presence of tannins?

<p>Witch hazel (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of tannins in traditional medicine, as described in the text?

<p>Astringent (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a type of procyanidin that does NOT contain an interflavanic ether linkage?

<p>Procyanidin with six flavan-3-ols units linked 4→8 or 4→6 (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is NOT a flavonoid?

<p>Gallic acid (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following anthocyanins has the chemical structure R1 = OCH3; R2 = H?

<p>Peonidin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plant parts is NOT listed as a source of anthocyanins?

<p>Bark of witch hazel (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of tannin is gallotannin?

<p>Hydrolysable Tannin (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements about the use of tannins in traditional medicine is TRUE?

<p>Tannins are often used as astringents to treat skin and mucous membrane problems. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a potential medicinal use for furocoumarins?

<p>Treating skin cancer (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these compounds is NOT a caffeic acid derivative?

<p>Xanthotoxin (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which compound found in henna is primarily responsible for its use as a coloring agent and cosmetic?

<p>Lawsone (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common traditional use for the root decoction of henna?

<p>Abortifacient (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following compounds is classified as a stilbene?

<p>Resveratrol (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a known medicinal property associated with Resveratrol?

<p>Anti-bacterial (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of ellagitannins in the context of complex tannins?

<p>To increase the astringent properties (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of using senna in traditional medicine?

<p>Laxative effect (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following groups of phytochemicals is NOT directly involved in the formation of complex tannins?

<p>Stilbenes (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary function of anthraquinones in senna, as discussed in the text?

<p>Laxative effects (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these compounds is a caffeic acid derivative found in Java Tea (Misai Kucing)?

<p>Dicaffeoyltartaric acid (A), Monocaffeoyltartaric acid (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a known inhibitor of HIV-1 integrase, derived from the plant Baccharis genistelloides?

<p>3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic acid (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following plants is NOT a known source of Chicoric acid?

<p>Baccharis genistelloides (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary biogenesis pathway responsible for the production of caffeic acid derivatives?

<p>Shikimate pathway (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a function of phenolics mentioned in the text?

<p>Serving as pigments responsible for plant coloration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the relationship between shikimate pathway and phenolics?

<p>The shikimate pathway is a major route for the biosynthesis of various phenolic compounds. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Shikimate Pathway

A metabolic pathway that produces essential aromatic compounds in plants.

Phenolics

A large group of substances with at least one aromatic ring and one hydroxyl group.

Caffeic Acid Derivatives

Compounds derived from caffeic acid, used for various health benefits.

Defence Mechanism

How phenolics protect plants against pathogens and pests.

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Medicinal Properties

Healing characteristics of phenolic compounds, including anti-inflammatory effects.

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3,5-Dicaffeoylquinic Acid

A caffeic acid derivative thought to inhibit HIV-1 integrase.

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Chicoric Acid

A compound from Echinacea that has health benefits including immune support.

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Java Tea

A traditional remedy using caffeic acid derivatives for diuretic effects.

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Flavonone glycosides

Plant compounds like hesperidin and naringin, used for venous issues.

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Anthocyanins

Coloring agents from fruits like blueberries; also vitamin P sources.

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Hesperidin

A type of flavonone glycoside beneficial for venous health.

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Tannins

Plant polyphenols that help treat venous insufficiency and act as astringents.

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Green tea (Camelia sinensis)

Source of epigallocatechine gallate, has anticancer properties.

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Procyanidins

Flavonoid compounds composed of flavan-3-ols, linked in certain ways.

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Rutin

A flavone glycoside used for strengthening blood vessels.

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Malvidin

An anthocyanin with specific methoxy groups, contributes to grape color.

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Hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)

Plant with berries used for cardiac and tonic effects.

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Ellagitannins

Complex tannins that include ellagic acid and are often found in various plants.

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Resveratrol

A stilbene compound found in grapes and red wine, known for antioxidant properties.

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Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana)

A plant used to treat venous insufficiency and hemorrhoids.

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Antioxidant

Substances that prevent oxidation, reducing damage from free radicals in the body.

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Henna

Derived from the plant Lawsonia inermis, used for coloring and cosmetics.

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Quinones

A class of cyclic organic compounds that are used for coloring and can have cosmetic uses.

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Fungicide

A substance that kills or inhibits the growth of fungi.

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Anthraquinones

Compounds derived from anthracene, often used for their laxative effects and coloring properties.

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Senna

A plant used for its laxative properties, notably in herbal medicine.

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Sennidins

A group of compounds including Sennidin A, B, C, and D, known for laxative effects.

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Curcumin

A bioactive compound from turmeric (Curcuma longa) with anti-inflammatory properties.

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Choleretic

Substances that promote the production of bile in the liver.

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Gingerols

Active compounds in ginger (Zingiber officinale), known for anti-nausea and hepatoprotective effects.

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Antinausea

Refers to effects or treatments that prevent or alleviate nausea.

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Coumarin

A natural compound with anticoagulant properties.

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Dicoumarol

An anticoagulant derived from coumarin.

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Furocoumarins

A class of compounds that increase skin pigmentation and cause photosensitization.

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Bergamot oil

Essential oil used for skin tanning and aromatherapy.

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Podophyllotoxin

A compound used to treat venereal warts and a precursor to anticancer drugs.

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Etoposide

An anticancer drug derived from podophyllotoxin.

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Flavonoids

Plant compounds known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties.

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Quercetin

A powerful antioxidant commonly found in plant tissues.

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Vitamin P

A term for flavonoids believed to treat capillary bleeding.

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Photosensitization

Increased sensitivity to sunlight leading to sunburn or blistering.

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Citrus flavonoids

Flavonoids derived from fruits and peels of citrus plants.

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Free radical scavengers

Compounds that neutralize free radicals to prevent cell damage.

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Laxative

Substances that alleviate constipation by stimulating bowel movements.

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Natural Products from Shikimate Pathway

Substances with aromatic rings derived from the shikimate pathway.

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Phenolic Compounds

Large group of substances with at least one aromatic ring and hydroxyl group.

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Functions of Phenolics

Roles include defense, waste, medicinal properties, and drug synthesis.

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Caffeic Acid

A phenolic compound traditionally used for medicinal purposes.

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Dicaffeoyltartaric Acid

A caffeic acid derivative with potential health benefits.

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Rosmarinic Acid

A caffeic acid derivative known for its antioxidant properties.

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HIV-1 Integrase Inhibitors

Compounds such as caffeic acid derivatives that block HIV function.

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Java Tea Uses

Traditionally used as a diuretic and for kidney and bladder issues.

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Hexahydroxydiphenic acid

A compound associated with ellagitannins, part of complex tannins.

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Stilbenes

A class of compounds including resveratrol, known for health-promoting effects.

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Gallotannins

Type of hydrolysable tannins derived from gallic acid; used for various health benefits.

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Lignans

Plant compounds traditionally used as purgatives and for various medicinal purposes.

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Chemical Structure of Flavonoids

Flavonoids consist of multiple phenolic structures with various substituents.

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Hepatoprotective

Substances that protect the liver from damage or injury.

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Pentagalloylglucose

A complex tannin that includes five galloyl groups attached to glucose.

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Lawsone

A dye obtained from henna, used in cosmetics and traditional medicine.

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Naringin

A flavonone glycoside, part of citrus fruits, used for venous insufficiency.

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Witch hazel

Plant used to treat venous insufficiency and hemorrhoids.

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Hawthorn

Plant berries used for cardiac health and as a tonic.

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Gallic acid

A phenolic acid that forms gallotannins, used for health benefits.

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Hydrolysable tannins

Tannins that can be broken down into simpler units; includes gallotannins.

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Monocaffeoyltartaric Acid

A specific caffeic acid derivative with potential health benefits.

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Vitamin P source

Flavonoids such as rutin and hesperidin, believed to aid in vein health.

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