Herbaceous Plants and Garden Design
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Questions and Answers

What is the recommended frequency for fertilizing annual and perennial flower beds?

  • Every three weeks (correct)
  • Once a month
  • Once every two months
  • Once a year

    • What characteristic of some annuals can lead them to become weedy?

  • They require frequent pruning.
  • They produce flowers in winter.
  • They reappear from the previous year's seeds. (correct)
  • They are slow to establish.

    • What should you do before adding fertilizer to the soil?

  • Apply mulch
  • Leave the soil dry
  • Weed the area
  • Water the soil (correct)

    • What type of plants do onions and garlic represent?

    <p>Plants that form bulbs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many pounds of fertilizer should be added per 100 square feet when planting a new perennial garden?

    <p>5 pounds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what type of garden design are self-seeded plants generally utilized?

    <p>Cottage-style gardens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with bulbs in the fall after observing them for more than one season?

    <p>Dig them up and store in a frost-free location</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When is the best time to fertilize perennials that bloom in late summer or fall?

    <p>Monthly until September</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one advantage of using annuals in window boxes and hanging baskets?

    <p>They offer continuous blooms from early summer until frost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants is NOT an example of a plant that forms corms?

    <p>Narcissus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might a gardener choose to remove volunteer annuals from a formal garden?

    <p>They can disrupt the precise layout.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the proper method for applying winter mulch to perennial plants?

    <p>Wait until the soil freezes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes tubers from bulbs and corms?

    <p>Tubers are swollen, modified, underground stems</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common use for annual flowers in educational settings?

    <p>They provide fast gratification for young gardeners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of applying organic mulch to flower beds?

    <p>To retain soil moisture and suppress weeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about annuals is true?

    <p>They can produce flowers until killed by frost.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about larger bulbs?

    <p>They yield larger blossoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should be done with mulch in early spring?

    <p>Pull mulch off plants</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following materials can be used for mulching?

    <p>Composted leaves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT a cultivated purpose of annuals?

    <p>Ground cover</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common misconception about bargain bulbs?

    <p>They will always bloom well</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic benefit of colorful annuals?

    <p>They add quick and vibrant color to gardens.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When should bulbs typically be planted?

    <p>When the ground warms after the last frost</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following plants has a solid interior and is developed from swollen stems?

    <p>Corms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one challenge associated with growing perennials from seed?

    <p>They grow more slowly than annuals and may not bloom the first year.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does adding organic material to soil benefit plant growth?

    <p>It improves water retention and root aeration.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following flower colors is NOT associated with Cockscomb?

    <p>Purple</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major reason for buying seedlings from nurseries for certain plants?

    <p>Buying seedlings conveniently bypasses the difficulty of propagating fine seeds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the cost of purchasing perennials?

    <p>Costs generally relate to how long the plant has been in production.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During which season is it typical for Larkspur to bloom?

    <p>Spring and summer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many inches tall can Salvia grow, according to the provided information?

    <p>18-36 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one characteristic of globe amaranth?

    <p>It can produce flowers in white, pink, and purple.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bloom color of the Japanese iris?

    <p>Various</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perennial has a height range of 12-36 inches and blooms in blue?

    <p>Perovskia atriplicifolia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant is known for its yellow blooms and is typically 3 inches tall?

    <p>Eranthis hyemalis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the common height range for Achillea filipendulina?

    <p>24-36 inches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identify the plant that blooms purple and grows to be 24-36 inches tall.

    <p>Eupatorium purpureum</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perennial is categorized as a spring bloomer with a height of 12-14 inches?

    <p>Mertensia virginica</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What color blooms does Achillea millefolium have?

    <p>Various</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which perennial is known for its short stature, reaching only 3-6 inches in height?

    <p>Chionodoxa luciliae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which plant blooms in various colors and has a height range of 36-48 inches?

    <p>Phlox paniculata</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the bloom color of the butterfly weed?

    <p>Orange</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Perennial plants can survive for decades and may outlive the gardener.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tender perennials can survive outdoor winter conditions with proper protection.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Woody perennials include trees and shrubs.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hardy perennials generally die mysteriously without any clear signs of disease or insect issues.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The classification of perennials is only based on their lifespan.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Alan Bloom's Hardy Perennials is published by Random House.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The book 'Growing Bulbs' was published by Timber Press in 1986.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Periodicals such as 'Garden Design' and 'Fine Gardening' focus solely on vegetable gardening.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hansen and Stahl authored a book titled 'Perennials and Their Garden Habitats'.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'Herbaceous Perennial Plants' refers to a specific style of garden design.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Foxgloves, forget-me-nots, and hollyhocks are examples of common annuals.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biennials require a growing season in summer and a rest period in winter before flowering.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some biennials can be planted in a permanent position after their first year.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    New cultivars of biennials are developed to ensure they flower only in their second season.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Annuals live for several years as they germinate, bloom, and produce seeds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hollyhock 'Queeny Purple' is an example of a biennial that can bloom in its first season.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many biennials do not require winter protection in cold climates.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is important to identify first-year leaves of biennials to avoid pulling them as weeds.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Herbaceous perennials are unsuitable for water gardening.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A barrel with a fountain bubbler can hold water lilies.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Japanese iris and ligularia are examples of plants that can be used in water features.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fall-planted bulbs do not need to be watered carefully as they establish their roots.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Spring bloomers should be fertilized when they reach a height of about two inches.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is advisable to pull out the leaves of spring-blooming bulbs as soon as they start to wither.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Wildlife, especially birds, are attracted to water features in gardens.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilizing spring-blooming bulbs after they flower can help in dry areas.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A perennial plant is considered long-lived if it lasts at least three seasons.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The soil should be prepared by digging at least 12 inches deep for herbaceous perennial gardens.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Peonies are an example of herbaceous perennials that are generally pest-resistant.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    It is beneficial for perennial plants to have a long bloom time to enhance garden aesthetics.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Weeds such as dandelions and morning glory should be removed prior to soil preparation.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Plants that grow strongly can potentially overwhelm other plants in a garden.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Visiting nurseries and gardens can help improve a gardener's design confidence.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The primary purpose of installing a new perennial garden is to have colorful blooms all year round.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some cool-season annuals such as pansies and ornamental kale can be planted in ______ to replace summer annuals.

    <p>fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biennials require ______ full years to complete their growth cycle and die after the second year.

    <p>two</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The first year, biennials grow ______ and roots but do not flower.

    <p>foliage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Since the 1980s, American garden design has moved away from flower displays that are attractive for only a few ______.

    <p>months</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some biennials are spectacularly showy because the ______ can be huge.

    <p>inflorescence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gardens often include spring-flowering bulbs, containers of annual flowers, herbs for cooking or tea, and ______ for winter texture.

    <p>grasses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In today’s smaller gardens, combinations of evergreen and ______ shrubs keep the scene fascinating year-round.

    <p>deciduous</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Herbaceous perennials laid out in long borders demanded intense management without providing ______ interest.

    <p>year-round</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Foxgloves (Digitalis purpurea), forget-me-nots (Myosotis sylvatica), and ______ are common biennials.

    <p>hollyhocks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Biennial plants require a summer growing season and a winter ______ before flowering.

    <p>rest</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many biennials need winter protection in ______ climates.

    <p>cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Annuals live briefly; they germinate, grow, bloom, and go to seed in ______ year.

    <p>one</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hollyhock ‘Queeny Purple’ and digitalis ‘Camelot’ are newer cultivars bred to produce blooms in the ______ season.

    <p>first</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When choosing a plant, be sure to read the information about that particular ______.

    <p>cultivar</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some gardeners start biennials in a nursery bed and move them to permanent positions in their ______ year.

    <p>second</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Identifying the first-year leaves helps avoid pulling the plants as ______ before their second-year flowering.

    <p>weeds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Late fall maintenance generally includes cutting back dead stems of herbaceous ______ and pulling out annuals after they are killed by frost.

    <p>perennials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many tall herbaceous flowering plants must be tied to ______ or provided with another support system.

    <p>stakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The seeds of many perennials, such as purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea), attract ______ in late summer and fall.

    <p>birds</p> Signup and view all the answers

    All flower gardens eventually have some ______ or diseases.

    <p>pests</p> Signup and view all the answers

    To reduce disease infestations, space plants properly to allow good ______ circulation.

    <p>air</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Commercial systems such as grates with legs work fine, but you can also improvise supports from bamboo ______, twigs, or branches.

    <p>stakes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many short perennials such as ______ require support to keep flower heads upright.

    <p>peonies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Several diseases commonly affect annuals, bulbs, and herbaceous ______.

    <p>perennials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Watering during periods of dry weather in the ______ is crucial for the health of fall-planted bulbs.

    <p>fall</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A ______ can be surrounded with Japanese iris, ligularia, and adapted native plants for an attractive water feature.

    <p>pool</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fertilize spring bloomers when they are about an inch tall, using a ______ granular formula.

    <p>5–10–10</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do not add a layer of gravel or other material to the weeds before planting, and watch for emerging annual weed ______ at the bottom of the pot.

    <p>seedlings</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some gardeners place a simple, shallow bowl of water in the garden to reflect the ______.

    <p>sky</p> Signup and view all the answers

    You can reuse potting mixes year after year unless the plants in them were seriously ______.

    <p>diseased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Water spring-blooming bulbs after flowering ends and let the leaves wither naturally until they turn ______.

    <p>brown</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When watering plants, be sure to water thoroughly and then allow the plants to ______ out before watering again.

    <p>dry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In dry areas, it is advisable to water spring-blooming bulbs after flowering ends to avoid ______.

    <p>damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Shallow-planted bulbs may frost-heave and are easily dug out by ______, which munch on them.

    <p>rodents</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Many herbaceous perennials adapt well to water ______ in garden designs.

    <p>gardening</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Some water lilies are winter-hardy and can survive even in ______ climates.

    <p>cold</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Do not place bulbs directly on ______ when planting.

    <p>fertilizer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Root systems of plants cannot begin to grow without adequate ______.

    <p>moisture</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Mulch hardy bulb and corm plantings lightly with two to four inches of composted leaves, shredded fir bark, or composted ______.

    <p>sawdust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Follow the package directions for slow-release fertilizers, as an additional application may be necessary ______ through the growing season.

    <p>midway</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Herbaceous Ornamental Plants

    • Annuals provide color and beauty in gardens.
    • Annuals are useful for window boxes, containers, and youth gardens.
    • Annuals are fast-growing from seeds or transplants.
    • Perennials are slow-growing and may not bloom in the first year.
    • Perennials can begin from seed and then be transplanted to a final location.
    • Starting perennials from seed is a slow process.

    Flower Garden Maintenance

    • Annuals are colorful, long-blooming, and easy to grow.
    • Annuals can become weedy by self-seeding.
    • Cottage gardens benefit from self-seeded plants.
    • Formal gardens require precise balance and volunteer annuals must be removed.

    Using Herbaceous Perennials in Garden Design

    • Bulbs, corms, rhizomes, tubers, and tuberous roots are part of perennial plants.
    • Organic mulch can be used in perennial and annual gardens to conserve moisture, suppress weeds, and improve the look of the garden.
    • Mulch consists of compost, composted sawdust, chopped or composted leaves, or other materials.
    • Apply mulch in spring and late fall.
    • Avoid covering the crown of a perennial with mulch.

    Fall Cleanup

    • Remove dead or damaged plants in the fall.
    • Dig up corms and store in a frost-free environment.
    • Choose solid, healthy plants when selecting bulbs.

    Bulb, Corm, Rhizome, Tuber, and Tuberous Root

    • Bulbs have a basal plate where roots originate.
    • Corms have a solid stem.
    • Tubers are swollen modified stems.
    • Examples of plants that form bulbs are onions, garlic, narcissus, tulips, and lilies.
    • Examples of plants that form corms are crocus, watsonia, and gladiolus.
    • Examples of plants that form tubers are caladium.

    Herbaceous Ornamental Plants

    • Annuals complete their life cycle in one year, germinating, growing, blooming, and producing seeds before dying
    • Biennials live for two years, requiring a summer growing season and winter rest before flowering in their second year
    • Perennials live for multiple years and include trees and shrubs, which are woody perennials
    • Bulbs are a type of perennial plant with underground storage organs

    Annuals

    • Annuals need to be replanted each season
    • Some newer cultivars of biennials, like hollyhock ‘Queeny Purple’ and digitalis ‘Camelot’, have been bred to flower in their first season

    Perennials

    • Many familiar garden flowers, like peonies and Shasta daisies, are herbaceous perennials
    • Hardy Perennials survive winter in the ground, reviving from their crowns in spring
    • Some perennials can live for decades
    • Tender Perennials cannot survive outdoor winter conditions and need to be lifted, stored, and replanted in the spring
    • The classification of a perennial can vary depending on the climate zone

    Garden Design for Perennials

    • Choose plants that have cultural needs that match your garden’s characteristics:
      • Long-lived (lasting at least four seasons)
      • Strong growth without overwhelming other plants
      • Long bloom time
      • Attractive when out of bloom
      • Pest-resistant
    • Soil preparation is key to strong future growth:
      • Remove weeds, especially perennial weeds
      • Dig thoroughly to loosen soil to at least 12 inches
      • Double-digging (20 to 24 inches deep) is often recommended
    • Watering and Fertilizing:
      • Water thoroughly after planting and during dry periods
      • Fertilize spring bloomers when they are about an inch tall, using a granular or liquid fertilizer
      • Water spring-blooming bulbs after flowering ends
    • Wildlife: Water features, such as fountains and pools, can attract wildlife, especially birds
    • Designing with Water Features: Plant water-tolerant species around ponds, such as Japanese iris, ligularia, and rodgersia

    General Guidance for Gardeners

    • When reading information about a plant, be sure to consider the cultivar as well as the species, as cultivars may have improved characteristics
    • Consider the hardiness zone and climate before planting
    • Look for extraordinary plants at association garden sales, specialty nurseries, mail-order catalogs, and from knowledgeable local gardeners
    • Develop design confidence by visiting gardens and nurseries and keeping an idea notebook
    • Maintain harmonious color patterns throughout the seasons
    • Seek advice from knowledgeable garden resources

    Annuals

    • They live for a single year and require replanting each season
    • Include a wide variety of colors and bloom times
    • Can be used in containers, window boxes, and gardens
    • Commonly used for summer displays

    Biennials

    • Complete their life cycle in two years
    • Produce foliage and roots in the first year, and flowers and seeds in the second
    • Grow best in undisturbed conditions
    • Need summer growth and winter rest
    • Often used in perennial gardens

    Perennials

    • Live for more than two years
    • Provide year-round interest and beauty in the garden
    • Include spring-blooming bulbs, herbs, and grasses
    • Can be used in containers and water gardens

    Garden Design

    • Modern gardens are designed for year-round appeal
    • Include a combination of evergreens, deciduous shrubs, conifers, and perennial flowers
    • Plants are selected for their multiseason qualities, including foliage texture and color

    Staking

    • Crucial for tall herbaceous flowering plants
    • Prevents stems from bending and breaking
    • Can be done with bamboo stakes, twigs, or branches
    • Support should be placed while plants are young

    Watering and Fertilizing

    • Plants should be watered thoroughly after planting and during dry periods
    • Fall-planted bulbs require water to establish root systems
    • Spring bloomers should be fertilized when they reach an inch tall
    • Fertilize spring-blooming bulbs after flowering ends

    Pest Management

    • Use integrated pest management principles
    • Grow strong plants to resist disease and insect problems
    • Space plants appropriately for air circulation
    • Remove dead leaves and weeds to reduce hiding places for pests

    Water Gardens

    • Growing in popularity
    • Herbaceous perennials can adapt well to these environments
    • Include Japanese Iris, Ligularia, and native plants
    • Can be used for attracting wildlife
    • Bowls of water reflect the sky and attract birds

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