30 Questions
What is the most common route of transmission for Hepatitis A virus?
Fecal-oral route
What changes are seen in liver cells due to Hepatitis A virus infection?
Minimal structural changes
Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Hepatitis A infection?
Rash on the skin
What makes Hepatitis B virus highly infectious compared to HIV?
High resistance to extreme conditions
Which antigen is present on the envelope of Hepatitis B virus?
Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg)
How long can chronic Hepatitis B infection last?
> 6 months
Which condition may require a liver transplant to sustain life?
Liver failure
Which virus is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma?
Hepatitis C Virus (HCV)
What possible pathogenic mechanisms can lead to Hepatocellular Carcinoma as discussed in the text?
Integration of viral RNA into host genome
What factors contribute to the risk of liver cancer in individuals with chronic hepatitis B?
Necrosis of hepatocytes
Which viral infection can lead to chromosomal deletions and rearrangements in host DNA?
Hepatitis B Virus (HBV)
Which type of virus is HCV based on its genetic material and structure?
Single-stranded RNA virus
What is a significant complication of HBV disease?
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Which stage of the Hepatitis B Virus life cycle represents the incubation period?
Immune tolerance
Which phase is characterized by the identification of HBeAg in the sera and a decline in HBV DNA levels?
Immune active/immune clearance
What type of cells kill infected hepatocytes through the action of perforins and granzymes?
Natural killer cells
Which cytokines released by damaged liver cells can trigger prostaglandins in the brain?
IL1, IL6 & TNF-a
What influences the development of the five stages in the Hepatitis B Virus life cycle?
Age, sex, immunosuppression, & coinfection
What is a possible mechanism contributing to chronic Hepatitis C infection?
Insulin resistance
Why does chronic hepatitis C persist in the liver for more than 6 months?
Inadequate immune response
What is one similarity between Hepatitis C and HIV in terms of immune evasion?
Both viruses generate CTL escape mutants
What can develop after decades of Hepatitis C infection and makes liver function difficult?
Liver cirrhosis
How does Hepatitis C escape the immune system's detection?
Changes through mutation to generate CTL escape mutants
What is a possible consequence of advanced cirrhosis caused by chronic Hepatitis C infection?
Liver cancer development
What is one of the features of cirrhosis mentioned in the text?
Nodular tissue growth
Which of the following factors can lead to portal hypertension in cirrhosis?
Distortion of blood vessels obstructing flow
What may occur due to increased pressure in the portal vein in cirrhosis?
Esophageal varices development
What condition may result from the rupture of esophageal varices in cirrhosis?
Blood leakage into the upper GI tract
How do toxins contribute to Hepatic Encephalopathy in cirrhosis?
Toxins build up in blood due to liver damage
What happens to the reticulin network in cirrhosis as per the text?
It collapses due to liver cell death
Test your knowledge on complications associated with chronic hepatitis B infection, such as liver cancer, liver failure, kidney disease, and inflammation of blood vessels. Explore the possible pathogenic mechanisms leading to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
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