Hepatitis B Complications Quiz

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What is the most common route of transmission for Hepatitis A virus?

Respiratory droplets

Fecal-oral route (correct)

Sexual contact

Blood transfusion

What changes are seen in liver cells due to Hepatitis A virus infection?

Minimal structural changes (correct)

Hepatocellular hypertrophy

Kupffer cell activation

Portal vein thrombosis

Which symptom is NOT commonly associated with Hepatitis A infection?

Dark yellow urine

Jaundice

Rash on the skin (correct)

Loss of appetite

What makes Hepatitis B virus highly infectious compared to HIV?

High resistance to extreme conditions (A) Signup and view all the answers

Which antigen is present on the envelope of Hepatitis B virus?

Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) (C) Signup and view all the answers

How long can chronic Hepatitis B infection last?

> 6 months (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which condition may require a liver transplant to sustain life?

Liver failure (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which virus is the most common cause of chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma?

Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) (C) Signup and view all the answers

What possible pathogenic mechanisms can lead to Hepatocellular Carcinoma as discussed in the text?

Integration of viral RNA into host genome (A) Signup and view all the answers

What factors contribute to the risk of liver cancer in individuals with chronic hepatitis B?

Necrosis of hepatocytes (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which viral infection can lead to chromosomal deletions and rearrangements in host DNA?

Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which type of virus is HCV based on its genetic material and structure?

Single-stranded RNA virus (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant complication of HBV disease?

Hepatocellular carcinoma (B) Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of the Hepatitis B Virus life cycle represents the incubation period?

Immune tolerance (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which phase is characterized by the identification of HBeAg in the sera and a decline in HBV DNA levels?

Immune active/immune clearance (A) Signup and view all the answers

What type of cells kill infected hepatocytes through the action of perforins and granzymes?

Natural killer cells (D) Signup and view all the answers

Which cytokines released by damaged liver cells can trigger prostaglandins in the brain?

IL1, IL6 & TNF-a (A) Signup and view all the answers

What influences the development of the five stages in the Hepatitis B Virus life cycle?

Age, sex, immunosuppression, & coinfection (C) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible mechanism contributing to chronic Hepatitis C infection?

Insulin resistance (D) Signup and view all the answers

Why does chronic hepatitis C persist in the liver for more than 6 months?

Inadequate immune response (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is one similarity between Hepatitis C and HIV in terms of immune evasion?

Both viruses generate CTL escape mutants (C) Signup and view all the answers

What can develop after decades of Hepatitis C infection and makes liver function difficult?

Liver cirrhosis (B) Signup and view all the answers

How does Hepatitis C escape the immune system's detection?

Changes through mutation to generate CTL escape mutants (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is a possible consequence of advanced cirrhosis caused by chronic Hepatitis C infection?

Liver cancer development (B) Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the features of cirrhosis mentioned in the text?

Nodular tissue growth (C) Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following factors can lead to portal hypertension in cirrhosis?

Distortion of blood vessels obstructing flow (C) Signup and view all the answers

What may occur due to increased pressure in the portal vein in cirrhosis?

Esophageal varices development (D) Signup and view all the answers

What condition may result from the rupture of esophageal varices in cirrhosis?

Blood leakage into the upper GI tract (B) Signup and view all the answers

How do toxins contribute to Hepatic Encephalopathy in cirrhosis?

Toxins build up in blood due to liver damage (A) Signup and view all the answers

What happens to the reticulin network in cirrhosis as per the text?

It collapses due to liver cell death (A) Signup and view all the answers