Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses - Ebola
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Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses - Ebola

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Questions and Answers

What common symptom do hemorrhagic fever viruses typically present alongside fever?

  • Respiratory distress
  • Internal bleeding (correct)
  • Severe headache
  • Rash (correct)

    • What is the primary mode of transmission for Ebola virus?

  • Contaminated food consumption
  • Human-to-human contact only
  • Contact with infected animals or vectors (correct)
  • Aerosol transmission in urban areas

    • What percentage of cases does the Ebola virus have in terms of death rate?

  • 70%
  • 100%
  • 90% (correct)
  • 50%

    • What immune system cells does the Ebola virus initially infect?

    <p>Macrophages and T helper cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of the immune response to the Ebola virus infection?

    <p>Cytokine storm leading to vascular leakiness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year was the Ebola virus first identified?

    <p>1976</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common notion about the geographical distribution of hemorrhagic fever viruses?

    <p>They are geographically limited by modes of infection.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What response has been criticized regarding the Ebola epidemic management?

    <p>Insufficient public health support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of the Ebola virus contributes to its rapid spread during outbreaks?

    <p>Very high mortality rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of hemorrhagic fever viruses?

    <p>Most commonly transmitted by airborne particles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following viruses with their descriptions:

    <p>Ebola = Enveloped RNA virus with high mortality rate Marburg = Related to Ebola, causes hemorrhagic fever Lassa = Rodent-borne virus causing multi-organ failure Crimean-Congo = Tick-borne virus with severe hemorrhagic symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions related to Ebola:

    <p>Cytokine storm = Massive immune response causing excessive inflammation Vascular leakiness = Leakage of fluids from blood vessels Hemorrhagic fever = Fever accompanied by bleeding Immune cells = Cells that help defend the body against infections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following years with significant events in Ebola history:

    <p>1976 = First identification of the Ebola virus 2014 = Major outbreak starts in West Africa 2015 = Final phase of the West African Ebola epidemic 1989 = First outbreak in primates in the US</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following public health organizations with their roles in managing Ebola outbreaks:

    <p>CDC = Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WHO = World Health Organization MSF = Médecins Sans Frontières, providing field support FDA = Food and Drug Administration, overseeing drug approvals</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following regions with their association to Ebola outbreaks:

    <p>Central Africa = First identified location of Ebola West Africa = Site of the 2014-2015 epidemic South America = Area not typically associated with Ebola Southeast Asia = Location of some related viral outbreaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their connection to Ebola infection:

    <p>Internal bleeding = Critical symptom of advanced infection Fever = Common initial symptom of many viral infections Rash = Sometimes present but not always Cytokine release = Causes damage leading to severe symptoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following methods of transmission with their descriptions:

    <p>Vector-borne = Spread through bites of infected ticks or mosquitos Zoonotic = Spread from animals to humans Human-to-human = Transmission through direct contact with bodily fluids Airborne = Not a common transmission method for Ebola</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terms with their relevance to Ebola's immune response:

    <p>Macrophages = Type of immune cell affected early in infection T helper cells = Role in signaling other immune responses Cytokines = Molecules involved in immune signaling Transfusions = Used in treatment but not part of immune response</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following outcomes with their categories regarding Ebola infections:

    <p>High mortality rate = Difficulties in outbreak control Rapid transmission = Epidemic spread within communities Local outbreak = Contained to small geographical area Long-term immunity = Potential benefit after recovery</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following outbreaks with their significance:

    <p>2014-2015 = Largest Ebola outbreak recorded 1976 = Source of initial virus attention 1995 = Outbreak in Kikwit, DRC with high death toll 2000 = Outbreak in Uganda that raised awareness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one of the initial strategies used to contain the Ebola outbreak?

    <p>Contact tracing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role did the CDC play during the Ebola outbreak in West Africa?

    <p>Sending lab experts for case detection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant challenge faced by health officials during the Ebola epidemic?

    <p>Resistance to foreign assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What action did the CDC take regarding airport screenings during the Ebola outbreak?

    <p>It required a 21-day monitoring period for certain travelers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which year did the Ebola epidemic start in Guinea?

    <p>2014</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was one outcome of effective contact tracing and treatment during the Ebola epidemic in 2015?

    <p>Significant signs of hope for controlling the outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of preparation did hospitals undergo in response to the Ebola outbreak?

    <p>Preparing to treat Ebola patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What lesson about public health systems was highlighted by the Ebola outbreak?

    <p>Strong public health systems are essential for preventing outbreaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What measures were taken to help public confidence in healthcare professionals during the Ebola crisis?

    <p>Ebola training programs were implemented</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a key focus of the CDC in their efforts against the Ebola outbreak?

    <p>Ensuring proper lab testing for case management</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following countries with their involvement in the Ebola epidemic:

    <p>Guinea = Initial outbreak location Liberia = Neighboring country affected Sierra Leone = Country with rapid spread United States = Location of the first imported case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following public health strategies with their purposes during the Ebola outbreak:

    <p>Contact tracing = Identifying and monitoring individuals exposed to the virus Education campaigns = Encouraging healthcare seeking behavior Airport screenings = Preventing infected individuals from entering the country Personal protective equipment protocols = Ensuring safety for healthcare workers treating patients</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following years with events related to the Ebola epidemic:

    <p>2014 = First imported case in the United States 2015 = CDC opening offices in West Africa</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following challenges faced during the Ebola outbreak with their descriptions:

    <p>Public fear = Skepticism towards foreign aid workers Rapid virus spread = Concern raised about global health Communication issues = Need for effective strategies to change behaviors Healthcare system strain = Increased demand for treatment facilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following responses by the CDC with their objectives during the outbreak:

    <p>Monitoring for 21 days = Preventing further spread post-exposure Sending lab experts = Ensuring rapid case detection Providing hospital support = Preparing for the treatment of Ebola patients Opening offices in affected countries = Enhancing local health crisis preparedness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following outcomes resulting from the Ebola response to their impacts:

    <p>Contact tracing success = Patients discharged as survivors International aid = Global collaboration and support Educational initiatives = Increased public healthcare awareness CDC actions = Strengthened health systems for future outbreaks</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their relevance to the Ebola crisis:

    <p>Virus transmission = Method of spread during outbreaks Infection control = Measures to protect healthcare workers Contact investigation = Process of tracing potential cases Health response = Overall strategies to manage the outbreak</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following communication strategies with their goals during the Ebola epidemic:

    <p>Public information campaigns = Addressing fears about the virus Engagement with communities = Building trust in healthcare initiatives Clear messaging = Reducing misinformation Collaborative efforts = Strengthening response against skepticism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following health organizations with their roles during the Ebola epidemic:

    <p>CDC = Implemented airport screening measures WHO = Coordinated international outbreak response Local health departments = Conducted contact tracing NGOs = Provided on-the-ground support and education</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells does the Ebola virus primarily target and manipulate to suppress the immune response?

    <p>Dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What major physiological issue can Ebola cause as it spreads throughout the body?

    <p>Severe dehydration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a cytokine storm and how does it relate to Ebola infection?

    <p>It's an uncontrolled immune response that can cause more damage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organ is specifically targeted by Ebola, potentially leading to failure?

    <p>Liver</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant consequence of Ebola's attack on the immune system?

    <p>Suppression of immune responses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Ebola differ in mortality impact compared to widespread diseases like the flu and malaria?

    <p>It has a relatively lower death toll despite being lethal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the release of signaling proteins that damage blood vessels in Ebola infections?

    <p>Immune system response to the virus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary means by which Ebola virus replicates within the host?

    <p>By using RNA for replication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following immune cells with their roles related to Ebola virus infection:

    <p>Dendritic cells = Activate immune response Natural killer cells = Target and kill infected cells Macrophages = Engulf and digest pathogens Monocytes = Differentiate into macrophages and dendritic cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following symptoms with their descriptions related to Ebola virus:

    <p>Fever = Common initial symptom indicating infection Muscle aches = Physical discomfort often reported by patients Internal bleeding = Result of disrupted blood clotting process Organ failure = Severe complication due to widespread damage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their roles in the pathophysiology of Ebola:

    <p>Cytokine storm = Massive release of inflammatory signals Fluid leakage = Contributes to dehydration and organ failure Host cells = Essential for viral replication Immune suppression = Prevents effective response to infection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following public health measures with their purposes during the Ebola outbreak:

    <p>Isolation of infected individuals = Preventing virus spread Proper hygiene practices = Reducing transmission risk Safe handling of bodily fluids = Minimizing exposure to virus Early diagnosis = Improving chances of survival</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following complications with their consequences related to Ebola virus:

    <p>Liver damage = Leads to internal bleeding Immune system disruption = Increases infection rate Organ failure = Can result in mortality Infection of natural killer cells = Reduces immune efficacy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions regarding Ebola virus:

    <p>Premature apoptosis = Early programmed cell death of immune cells Virulence = Degree of pathogenicity of the virus Contagiousness = Ability to spread from person to person Transmission = How the virus is spread to new hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following phases of infection with their characteristics:

    <p>Initial entry = Virus infects dendritic cells Viral replication = Dendritic cells release millions of viruses Immune response = Body attempts to fight off the infection Final stages = Severe complications and organ failure occur</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following descriptions with their associated effects of Ebola:

    <p>Fluid release = Disrupts blood clotting Infection of macrophages = Evasion of immune responses Cytokine storm effects = Damages blood vessels Liver cell death = Contributes to systemic complications</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following Ebola transmission methods with their means:

    <p>Direct contact = Contact with infected bodily fluids Environmental exposure = Handling contaminated surfaces Healthcare settings = Infection risk from untreated patients Burial practices = Risk during final rites of the deceased</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following categories of outcomes with their impacts of Ebola:

    <p>High mortality rates = Significant loss of life Public health crises = Strain on healthcare systems Stigmatization of survivors = Social isolation and discrimination Economic impact = Reduced productivity and trade</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses

    • Hemorrhagic fever viruses cause multi-system infections leading to internal hemorrhage.
    • These viruses come from different viral groups, but they all cause hemorrhage, fever, and sometimes a rash.
    • The infections are often geographically limited due to their spread through contact with infected animals or vectors.

    Ebola Virus

    • Ebola is a scary virus with high death rates (90%) and rapid spread.
    • It was first identified in 1976 in Central Africa.
    • It causes a "cytokine storm," a massive release of cytokines, which leads to vascular leakiness and hemorrhagic fever.
    • The cytokine storm leads to blood and fluids leaking out of capillaries throughout the body.
    • The virus targets immune cells, including macrophages and T helper cells.
    • The Ebola epidemic of 2014-2015 highlighted challenges for public health and epidemiological agencies like the CDC and WHO in responding to outbreaks effectively.

    Hemorrhagic Fever Viruses

    • Viruses cause multi-system infections, leading to internal bleeding and destruction of the vascular system
    • Hemorrhagic fever viruses are from different viral groups, but all cause bleeding, fever, and sometimes a rash
    • Most infections are geographically limited due to their spread through contact with infected animals or vectors in specific environments.

    Ebola Virus

    • Ebola virus infections are characterized by high death rates (up to 90%), rapid spread, unclear origins, and severe symptoms including internal bleeding
    • First identified in 1976 in Central Africa
    • Periodic outbreaks occur, but often remain localized due to the rapid mortality
    • Recent outbreaks highlighted concerns about inadequate public health and epidemiological agency support in controlling the spread, specifically the CDC and WHO
    • Ebola virus targets immune cells, such as macrophages and T helper cells, causing a massive cytokine storm.
    • Cytokine storm results in vascular leakiness, causing blood and fluids to leak out of capillaries, leading to hemorrhagic fever.

    Ebola Epidemic 2014

    • The Ebola epidemic began in Guinea in 2014 and rapidly spread to Liberia and Sierra Leone, resulting in thousands of deaths.
    • The CDC activated its Emergency Operations Center in July 2014 to address the escalating outbreak in West Africa.
    • Initial containment efforts focused on contact tracing, case identification, public education about the disease, and encouraging contact tracing.
    • Concerns about the global spread of infectious diseases led to increased monitoring of the outbreak.
    • The first imported case of Ebola in the United States was confirmed in the fall of 2014.
    • Airport screenings for passengers from affected countries were implemented by the CDC, requiring a 21-day monitoring period.
    • Hospitals were prepared to treat Ebola patients, and Ebola training was implemented to help contain the spread and build public confidence in healthcare professionals.
    • The CDC deployed lab experts to Sierra Leone to facilitate rapid case detection.
    • Lab testing was crucial in managing the outbreak, enabling positive patient treatment and negative patient release.
    • Overcoming skepticism and fear within the West African community regarding the outbreak and foreign assistance was a significant challenge.
    • Efforts were made to understand behaviors driving the outbreak and adjust communication strategies accordingly.
    • Signs of hope emerged in 2015 as contact tracing and treatment proved effective in controlling the outbreak.
    • The Ebola outbreak underscored the importance of robust public health systems in preventing future outbreaks.
    • The CDC established offices in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea to enhance preparedness and prevent future outbreaks.

    Ebola Outbreak

    • The Ebola epidemic began in Guinea in early 2014 and rapidly spread to neighboring countries, Liberia and Sierra Leone.
    • The outbreak required a global response to control its spread, focused initially on contact tracing, case identification, and public education to encourage seeking healthcare.
    • The outbreak escalated quickly, raising global concerns about the spread of the virus to other parts of the world, particularly the United States.
    • The first imported case of Ebola in the United States was reported in 2014.
    • The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) implemented screening measures at airports for passengers arriving from Ebola-affected countries, with a 21-day monitoring period for suspected cases.
    • The CDC provided support to hospitals to prepare for treating Ebola patients, emphasizing standardized protocols for personal protective equipment (PPE).
    • The CDC sent lab experts to Sierra Leone for rapid case detection, minimizing the risk of infected patients traveling to the United States.
    • Public cooperation was crucial in controlling the spread, but fear and skepticism towards foreign aid workers presented a challenge.
    • Effective communication strategies were developed to address concerns and change behaviors contributing to the outbreak.
    • By 2015, signs of hope emerged as contact tracing proved effective, and patients were discharged as survivors from Ebola treatment units.
    • The Ebola epidemic highlighted the need for robust public health systems to prevent outbreaks and ensure effective responses.
    • The CDC opened offices in Liberia, Sierra Leone, and Guinea to enhance preparedness for future health crises.

    Ebola Virus

    • Ebola is an RNA virus that spreads through contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals or bats
    • Ebola infection turns host cells into virus factories
    • The virus targets and attacks the immune system, specifically dendritic cells, NK cells, macrophages, and monocytes

    Ebola and the Immune System

    • Ebola manipulates the immune system, causing cells to malfunction
    • Ebola suppresses immune response and accelerates cell death
    • The virus triggers the release of signaling proteins that cause damage to blood vessels and internal bleeding
    • Ebola also attacks the liver, causing organ failure

    Ebola Consequences

    • Ebola causes massive internal bleeding and dehydration
    • The immune system launches a destructive cytokine storm as a last resort, which leads to more damage and blood vessel leakage

    Ebola Mortality

    • Ebola is a lethal virus
    • The mortality rate is approximately 60%

    Ebola vs.Other Diseases

    • While Ebola is a serious threat, its mortality rate is relatively low compared to other widespread diseases such as influenza and malaria

    Ebola Virus: A Threat to the Immune System

    • Ebola virus targets the immune system by attacking dendritic cells, which are essential for immune response activation.
    • The virus enters the dendritic cell through cell transport receptors, replicates inside, and disables its protective mechanisms.
    • This infected dendritic cell then becomes a virus production machine, releasing millions of viruses into the body.

    Immune System Disruption: A Cascade of Failures

    • Ebola virus manipulates dendritic cells to send signals that cause specialized cells to undergo premature apoptosis (programmed cell death).
    • This disrupts the immune system's ability to effectively respond to the infection.
    • Natural killer cells, crucial for targeting infected cells, are also infected and die before they can combat the virus.
    • Ebola virus infects macrophages and monocytes, manipulating them to signal blood vessels to release fluid, leading to internal bleeding.

    Liver and Organ Failure: A Vicious Cycle

    • Ebola virus easily enters the liver, causing widespread cell death and organ failure.
    • This liver damage contributes to internal bleeding and other complications.

    Cytokine Storm: A Desperate Response with Deadly Consequences

    • As the infection progresses, the immune system launches a desperate "cytokine storm" in an attempt to combat the virus.
    • This excessive release of inflammatory signals can cause severe damage to blood vessels and other organs, leading to further complications.
    • The cytokine storm can cause excessive fluid leakage from blood vessels leading to dehydration and organ failure.

    Impact and Mortality: A Devastating Outcome

    • Ebola virus is highly contagious, transmitted through contact with bodily fluids of infected individuals.
    • Symptoms of Ebola virus infection include fever, muscle aches, headache, bleeding, and organ failure.
    • The mortality rate for Ebola virus is currently around 60%.

    Public Health Measures: Essential for Prevention and Control

    • Public health measures are crucial to control the spread of Ebola virus.
    • These include isolation of infected individuals, proper hygiene practices, and safe handling of bodily fluids.
    • Early diagnosis and treatment of infected individuals are essential for improving survival rates.

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    Description

    Explore the world of hemorrhagic fever viruses, focusing particularly on the Ebola virus. This quiz highlights the characteristics, geographical limitations, and public health challenges associated with these infectious diseases. Test your knowledge on the impact of Ebola and its implications for epidemiology.

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