Questions and Answers
What is the maximum duration for symptoms to appear after exposure to the Ebola virus?
Which symptom is NOT typically associated with Ebola virus infection?
What is required for a diagnosis of Ebola virus disease (EVD)?
When can a person start transmitting the Ebola virus to others?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following transmission methods is NOT associated with Ebola?
Signup and view all the answers
What mechanism do monoclonal antibodies like Ebanga use to combat the Ebola virus?
Signup and view all the answers
Which method is commonly used for diagnosing Ebola virus due to its sensitivity?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a common side effect experienced with Ebanga?
Signup and view all the answers
Which treatment for Ebola virus was approved in October 2020?
Signup and view all the answers
Infection with which of the following viruses primarily causes avian influenza?
Signup and view all the answers
What symptom is most likely associated with uncomplicated avian influenza disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What role does the immune system play in Ebola virus recovery?
Signup and view all the answers
Which complication is commonly associated with severe infections of the H5N1 avian virus?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the main route of transmission for avian influenza to humans?
Signup and view all the answers
What triggers the discontinuation of Ebanga treatment?
Signup and view all the answers
What factor contributes to the seasonal variation of influenza virus intensity?
Signup and view all the answers
What is the primary method of transmission for Ebola virus disease after the initial spillover event?
Signup and view all the answers
What type of immunity do survivors of Ebola virus infection reportedly have?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is a source of Ebola virus transmission from recovered individuals?
Signup and view all the answers
How long can antibodies be detected in the blood of Ebola virus survivors?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is NOT a symptom commonly associated with Ebola virus disease?
Signup and view all the answers
What is one reason Ebola virus disease is considered a severe illness?
Signup and view all the answers
In which body fluid is the Ebola virus particularly likely to persist after a person has recovered?
Signup and view all the answers
Which of the following is an effective measure to reduce the spread of Ebola virus disease?
Signup and view all the answers
Study Notes
Ebola Virus Disease (EVD)
- EVD is a severe and often deadly disease, but recovery depends on clinical care and immune response.
- Similar symptoms to EVD include influenza, malaria, and typhoid fever, complicating diagnosis.
- Survivors retain antibodies for up to 10 years, suggesting protective immunity to the specific Ebola strain that infected them.
Transmission
- Initial infection occurs through contact with infected animals, like fruit bats or nonhuman primates, in a spillover event.
- Human-to-human transmission occurs through direct contact with:
- Blood or body fluids from infected individuals.
- Contaminated objects.
- Infected animals.
- Semen from male survivors, possibly for extended periods post-recovery.
- Women do not transmit Ebola through vaginal fluids after recovery.
- Spread only occurs after the symptomatic onset; there’s no evidence of transmission via insects.
Signs and Symptoms
- Symptoms may manifest 2 to 21 days post-exposure, typically average around 8 to 10 days.
- Initial "dry" symptoms include:
- Fever
- Severe headache
- Muscle and joint pains
- Weakness and fatigue
- Sore throat
- Loss of appetite
- Later "wet" symptoms progress to gastrointestinal issues like abdominal pain, diarrhea, and vomiting, alongside unexplained bleeding or bruising.
- Additional symptoms may include red eyes, skin rash, and hiccups, especially in late-stage infections.
Diagnosis
- Diagnosis requires a combination of specific symptoms and exposure history within the last 21 days.
- Ebola virus can be detected in blood after symptoms start, typically taking up to three days after onset for detectable levels.
- Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is the primary diagnostic method due to its sensitivity.
Drug Treatments
- Inmazeb™ is the first approved treatment (October 2020), made of three monoclonal antibodies (mAbs).
- mAbs act against the glycoprotein on the Ebola virus, preventing its entry into human cells.
- Common side effects of Ebanga treatment include fever, tachycardia, diarrhea, and chills, which overlap with EVD symptoms.
- Discontinue Ebanga in case of hypersensitivity reactions.
Avian Influenza
- Avian influenza primarily impacts the respiratory tract and can result in high mortality rates.
- Caused mainly by influenza A, with influenza B contributing to milder cases.
- Seasonal variation in the virus's hemagglutinin and neuraminidase glycoproteins leads to yearly intensity fluctuation.
- Human infections often stem from contact with sick poultry, particularly in Southeast Asia, with limited person-to-person transmission.
- Symptoms typically appear 1–3 days after exposure, leading to fever, malaise, and cough, with possible severe complications such as viral pneumonia and respiratory failure.
Studying That Suits You
Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.
Description
This quiz covers important information about Ebola virus disease (EVD), including its symptoms and comparison to common illnesses like influenza and malaria. It also discusses recovery and the immune response in survivors. Test your knowledge on this severe and often deadly disease.
