Hemolyzed Specimens: Causes and Prevention

Hemolyzed Specimens and Suboptimal Blood Collection Practices

A hemolyzed specimen is a blood sample that has been damaged due to the rupturing of red blood cells. This can occur from numerous factors, including inadequate collection techniques, which may lead to errors in laboratory testing results. In this article, we will explore some common issues related to blood draws and their impact on hemolysis.

Small Gauge Needle One factor contributing to hemolyzed specimens is the use of a too small or too large needle during blood collection. A smaller gauge needle may puncture the skin more easily, allowing less pressure to collect blood, potentially leading to more extensive tissue damage and ultimately affecting red blood cell integrity. Conversely, a larger gauge needle can cause greater trauma and tissue disruption, also increasing the risk of hemolysis.

Excessive Suction During Blood Draw Applying overly aggressive suction when drawing blood can potentially shear off red blood cells from their membranes, resulting in hemolysis. While suction is necessary to obtain sufficient blood flow into the collection tube, excessive force should be avoided to minimize the risk of damaged red blood cells.

Vigorous Shaking of the Tube Shaking blood specimen tubes vigorously may cause the rupture of red blood cells, leading to hemolysis. Instead, gentle mixing should be performed to allow the anticoagulant in the tube to mix evenly with the blood sample while minimizing cellular damage.

Improper Venipuncture Technique Incorrect venipuncture techniques can contribute to the occurrence of hemolyzed specimens. Poor angle selection during needle insertion, improper depth of puncture, or misdirection of the needle tip within the vein can increase the likelihood of tissue trauma, which often leads to red blood cell injury and subsequent hemolysis.

Preventing Hemolyzed Specimens Understanding the causes of hemolyzed specimens is crucial for preventing them. To minimize the risk, healthcare professionals should follow proper blood collection guidelines, including selecting the appropriate size needle, ensuring adequate suction pressure, avoiding aggressive shaking of the tube, and practicing correct venipuncture techniques. Additionally, educating patients on how they can help reduce their risk through measures like avoiding heavy exercise before the test, keeping limbs warm, and allowing ample time for resting after the procedure can also play a role in improving blood draw outcomes.

In conclusion, managing hemolyzed specimens requires a combination of proper blood collection procedures and patient education. By understanding and addressing the factors that contribute to hemolysis, healthcare providers can help ensure accurate test results and make a meaningful impact on patient care.