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Questions and Answers
What is a primary consequence of the gene mutation mentioned?
What effect does increased blood viscosity have on circulation?
What would likely be observed in a patient experiencing anemia due to increased RBC turnover?
Which symptoms are likely associated with polycythemia vera due to increased blood volume?
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How does the arterial pressure of patients with increased blood volume often present?
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What type of hemoglobin is associated with sickle cell disease?
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What does sickle cell crisis lead to in individuals affected by it?
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Which consequence is associated with the effects of anemia on the circulatory system?
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What is the main cause of erythroblastosis fetalis?
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What effect do antibodies have on red blood cells in erythroblastosis fetalis?
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What is a consequence of increased return of blood to the heart due to anemia?
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What symptom is commonly observed at birth in cases of serious anemia?
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What significant change occurs in the bone marrow's response to anemia?
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What is a characteristic feature of hereditary spherocytosis?
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Which of the following conditions is likely to lead to increased fragility of red blood cells?
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What consequence can occur from the rupture of red blood cells due to fragility?
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What is the result of intestinal sprue on nutrient absorption?
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How does sickle cell anemia primarily affect red blood cells?
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What is a consequence of abnormal red blood cell characteristics in hemolytic anemia?
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What blood cell feature is disrupted in pernicious anemia?
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Which condition describes the oversimplified RBC morphology as seen in hereditary spherocytosis?
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In which condition do red blood cells exhibit bizarre shapes leading to complications?
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What effect does gastrectomy have on the body concerning red blood cell production?
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What is indicated by a high Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) in a blood sample?
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What physiological change might occur due to erythrocytosis as a compensatory mechanism?
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Which complication can result from a combination of macrocytic anemia and existing cardiac conditions?
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Which of the following physical manifestations may indicate macrocytic anemia?
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What is a potential outcome of untreated hereditary spherocytosis?
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In erythroblastosis fetalis, which condition primarily leads to increased destruction of red blood cells in the fetus?
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Which parameter is used to assess the color of red blood cells, particularly in evaluating anemia?
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What does thrombocytopenia indicate in terms of platelet count?
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What does the presence of blue coloration in deoxygenated hemoglobin suggest about a patient's circulation?
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Which type of anemia is characterized by small size and paler red blood cells?
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Study Notes
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
- Affects 0.3 to 1.0 percent of West African and American black populations
- Caused by Rh-positive fetal RBCs attacked by antibodies from an Rh-negative mother.
- Antibodies cause RBC fragility and rapid destruction leading to erythroblastosis fetalis
Sickle Cell Anemia
- Abnormal hemoglobin S with faulty beta chains.
- Low oxygen causes hemoglobin S to precipitate, forming long crystals, elongating the cells into a sickle shape.
- Damaged cell membranes lead to rapid destruction.
- Sickle Cell Crisis: A cycle of low oxygen, sickling, cell rupture, and worsening anemia.
- Leads to serious anemia at birth.
Anemia
- Anemia results in decreased resistance to blood flow, increased blood flow through peripheral vessels, increased return of blood to the heart, increased cardiac output and pumping workload, and high-output heart failure and acute heart failure.
- Blood is 3x more viscous than water, but can drop up to 1.5x due to anemia.
Polycythemia
- Blood-forming organs produce large quantities of extra RBCs.
- Characterized by an increased number of RBCs, hematocrit, and total blood volume that lead to more viscous blood.
- Patients have arterial pressure that is usually normal, but 1/3 are hypertensive.
Polycythemia Vera
- Genetic aberration in JAK2 (Janus Kinase 2) gene.
- Causes bursting of cells resulting in macrocytic anemia.
- Macrocytic anemia indicates very round and fragile red blood cells leading to hemolysis and jaundice.
Case Examples
- Case 1: 42-year-old male alcoholic with hematemesis and melena. CBC indicates acute bleeding due to low RBC and normal MCV and MCHC, indicating the blood is not yet diluted.
- Case 2: 29-year-old female with left-sided body weakness and a cardiac murmur.
- Cardiac murmur indicates heart complication caused by oxygen delivery problems.
- Could be congenital heart disease.
- Isolated increase in RBC indicates secondary erythrocytosis, likely caused by congenital valvular heart disease.
- Hypoxia leads to secondary erythrocytosis.
- Case 3: 42-year-old female with left-sided body weakness.
- Jaundice implies cells are dying or bursting, caused by overproduction of bilirubin, leading to anemia, decreased hemoglobin, and hematocrit.
- Very large MCV and MCHC indicate the patient might have very fragile RBCs.
Pernicious Anemia
- Atrophy of the stomach mucosa, preventing intrinsic factor production.
- Gastrectomy: Complete removal of the stomach.
- Intestinal Sprue: Poor absorption of folic acid and vitamin B12.
Hemolytic Anemia
- Abnormalities of the RBCs that make cells fragile and cause them to rupture easily, leading to severe anemia.
Hereditary Spherocytosis
- Very small and spherical RBCs instead of biconcave.
- RBCs can rupture easily with slight compression.
Sickle Cell Anemia
- Increase in RBC production, hematocrit, and total blood volume, leading to more viscous blood.
- Due to increased blood viscosity, blood circulation becomes slow. Patients often have normal arterial pressure despite increased blood volume.
- Patients have very engorged arms and feet due to viscous blood plugging capillaries.
Key Blood Values
- RBC: Number of Red Blood Cells
- MCV: Mean red blood cell volume (indicates the size of RBCs).
- MCHC: Mean amount of hemoglobin relative to the size of the cell (indicates the color of RBCs).
- Low MCV: Microcytic anemia
- High MCV: Macrocytic anemia
- Low MCHC: Hypochromic anemia
- High MCHC: Hyperchromic anemia
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Description
Test your knowledge on Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, Sickle Cell Anemia, and the physiological effects of anemia. This quiz covers the causes, symptoms, and implications of these blood-related conditions. Perfect for students and professionals in the medical field.
