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Questions and Answers
What is a primary consequence of the gene mutation mentioned?
What is a primary consequence of the gene mutation mentioned?
What effect does increased blood viscosity have on circulation?
What effect does increased blood viscosity have on circulation?
What would likely be observed in a patient experiencing anemia due to increased RBC turnover?
What would likely be observed in a patient experiencing anemia due to increased RBC turnover?
Which symptoms are likely associated with polycythemia vera due to increased blood volume?
Which symptoms are likely associated with polycythemia vera due to increased blood volume?
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How does the arterial pressure of patients with increased blood volume often present?
How does the arterial pressure of patients with increased blood volume often present?
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What type of hemoglobin is associated with sickle cell disease?
What type of hemoglobin is associated with sickle cell disease?
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What does sickle cell crisis lead to in individuals affected by it?
What does sickle cell crisis lead to in individuals affected by it?
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Which consequence is associated with the effects of anemia on the circulatory system?
Which consequence is associated with the effects of anemia on the circulatory system?
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What is the main cause of erythroblastosis fetalis?
What is the main cause of erythroblastosis fetalis?
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What effect do antibodies have on red blood cells in erythroblastosis fetalis?
What effect do antibodies have on red blood cells in erythroblastosis fetalis?
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What is a consequence of increased return of blood to the heart due to anemia?
What is a consequence of increased return of blood to the heart due to anemia?
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What symptom is commonly observed at birth in cases of serious anemia?
What symptom is commonly observed at birth in cases of serious anemia?
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What significant change occurs in the bone marrow's response to anemia?
What significant change occurs in the bone marrow's response to anemia?
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What is a characteristic feature of hereditary spherocytosis?
What is a characteristic feature of hereditary spherocytosis?
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Which of the following conditions is likely to lead to increased fragility of red blood cells?
Which of the following conditions is likely to lead to increased fragility of red blood cells?
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What consequence can occur from the rupture of red blood cells due to fragility?
What consequence can occur from the rupture of red blood cells due to fragility?
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What is the result of intestinal sprue on nutrient absorption?
What is the result of intestinal sprue on nutrient absorption?
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How does sickle cell anemia primarily affect red blood cells?
How does sickle cell anemia primarily affect red blood cells?
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What is a consequence of abnormal red blood cell characteristics in hemolytic anemia?
What is a consequence of abnormal red blood cell characteristics in hemolytic anemia?
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What blood cell feature is disrupted in pernicious anemia?
What blood cell feature is disrupted in pernicious anemia?
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Which condition describes the oversimplified RBC morphology as seen in hereditary spherocytosis?
Which condition describes the oversimplified RBC morphology as seen in hereditary spherocytosis?
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In which condition do red blood cells exhibit bizarre shapes leading to complications?
In which condition do red blood cells exhibit bizarre shapes leading to complications?
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What effect does gastrectomy have on the body concerning red blood cell production?
What effect does gastrectomy have on the body concerning red blood cell production?
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What is indicated by a high Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) in a blood sample?
What is indicated by a high Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV) in a blood sample?
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What physiological change might occur due to erythrocytosis as a compensatory mechanism?
What physiological change might occur due to erythrocytosis as a compensatory mechanism?
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Which complication can result from a combination of macrocytic anemia and existing cardiac conditions?
Which complication can result from a combination of macrocytic anemia and existing cardiac conditions?
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Which of the following physical manifestations may indicate macrocytic anemia?
Which of the following physical manifestations may indicate macrocytic anemia?
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What is a potential outcome of untreated hereditary spherocytosis?
What is a potential outcome of untreated hereditary spherocytosis?
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In erythroblastosis fetalis, which condition primarily leads to increased destruction of red blood cells in the fetus?
In erythroblastosis fetalis, which condition primarily leads to increased destruction of red blood cells in the fetus?
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Which parameter is used to assess the color of red blood cells, particularly in evaluating anemia?
Which parameter is used to assess the color of red blood cells, particularly in evaluating anemia?
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What does thrombocytopenia indicate in terms of platelet count?
What does thrombocytopenia indicate in terms of platelet count?
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What does the presence of blue coloration in deoxygenated hemoglobin suggest about a patient's circulation?
What does the presence of blue coloration in deoxygenated hemoglobin suggest about a patient's circulation?
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Which type of anemia is characterized by small size and paler red blood cells?
Which type of anemia is characterized by small size and paler red blood cells?
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Study Notes
Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn (HDN)
- Affects 0.3 to 1.0 percent of West African and American black populations
- Caused by Rh-positive fetal RBCs attacked by antibodies from an Rh-negative mother.
- Antibodies cause RBC fragility and rapid destruction leading to erythroblastosis fetalis
Sickle Cell Anemia
- Abnormal hemoglobin S with faulty beta chains.
- Low oxygen causes hemoglobin S to precipitate, forming long crystals, elongating the cells into a sickle shape.
- Damaged cell membranes lead to rapid destruction.
- Sickle Cell Crisis: A cycle of low oxygen, sickling, cell rupture, and worsening anemia.
- Leads to serious anemia at birth.
Anemia
- Anemia results in decreased resistance to blood flow, increased blood flow through peripheral vessels, increased return of blood to the heart, increased cardiac output and pumping workload, and high-output heart failure and acute heart failure.
- Blood is 3x more viscous than water, but can drop up to 1.5x due to anemia.
Polycythemia
- Blood-forming organs produce large quantities of extra RBCs.
- Characterized by an increased number of RBCs, hematocrit, and total blood volume that lead to more viscous blood.
- Patients have arterial pressure that is usually normal, but 1/3 are hypertensive.
Polycythemia Vera
- Genetic aberration in JAK2 (Janus Kinase 2) gene.
- Causes bursting of cells resulting in macrocytic anemia.
- Macrocytic anemia indicates very round and fragile red blood cells leading to hemolysis and jaundice.
Case Examples
- Case 1: 42-year-old male alcoholic with hematemesis and melena. CBC indicates acute bleeding due to low RBC and normal MCV and MCHC, indicating the blood is not yet diluted.
- Case 2: 29-year-old female with left-sided body weakness and a cardiac murmur.
- Cardiac murmur indicates heart complication caused by oxygen delivery problems.
- Could be congenital heart disease.
- Isolated increase in RBC indicates secondary erythrocytosis, likely caused by congenital valvular heart disease.
- Hypoxia leads to secondary erythrocytosis.
- Case 3: 42-year-old female with left-sided body weakness.
- Jaundice implies cells are dying or bursting, caused by overproduction of bilirubin, leading to anemia, decreased hemoglobin, and hematocrit.
- Very large MCV and MCHC indicate the patient might have very fragile RBCs.
Pernicious Anemia
- Atrophy of the stomach mucosa, preventing intrinsic factor production.
- Gastrectomy: Complete removal of the stomach.
- Intestinal Sprue: Poor absorption of folic acid and vitamin B12.
Hemolytic Anemia
- Abnormalities of the RBCs that make cells fragile and cause them to rupture easily, leading to severe anemia.
Hereditary Spherocytosis
- Very small and spherical RBCs instead of biconcave.
- RBCs can rupture easily with slight compression.
Sickle Cell Anemia
- Increase in RBC production, hematocrit, and total blood volume, leading to more viscous blood.
- Due to increased blood viscosity, blood circulation becomes slow. Patients often have normal arterial pressure despite increased blood volume.
- Patients have very engorged arms and feet due to viscous blood plugging capillaries.
Key Blood Values
- RBC: Number of Red Blood Cells
- MCV: Mean red blood cell volume (indicates the size of RBCs).
- MCHC: Mean amount of hemoglobin relative to the size of the cell (indicates the color of RBCs).
- Low MCV: Microcytic anemia
- High MCV: Macrocytic anemia
- Low MCHC: Hypochromic anemia
- High MCHC: Hyperchromic anemia
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Description
Test your knowledge on Hemolytic Disease of the Newborn, Sickle Cell Anemia, and the physiological effects of anemia. This quiz covers the causes, symptoms, and implications of these blood-related conditions. Perfect for students and professionals in the medical field.
