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Questions and Answers
What is formed when carbon monoxide combines with heme iron?
What is formed when carbon monoxide combines with heme iron?
What color does carboxyhemoglobin impart to both blood and skin of victims?
What color does carboxyhemoglobin impart to both blood and skin of victims?
At what wavelength can carboxyhemoglobin be detected using spectral absorption instruments?
At what wavelength can carboxyhemoglobin be detected using spectral absorption instruments?
Which therapeutic method is utilized for treating carboxyhemoglobin poisoning?
Which therapeutic method is utilized for treating carboxyhemoglobin poisoning?
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Which method is NOT used for hemoglobin determination?
Which method is NOT used for hemoglobin determination?
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What principle does hemoglobin electrophoresis rely on?
What principle does hemoglobin electrophoresis rely on?
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What is the role of CuSO4 in hemoglobin determination?
What is the role of CuSO4 in hemoglobin determination?
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Which method of hemoglobin determination involves visual assessment?
Which method of hemoglobin determination involves visual assessment?
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What is the main reagent used in the Acid Hematin Method?
What is the main reagent used in the Acid Hematin Method?
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Which method involves the conversion of methemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin?
Which method involves the conversion of methemoglobin to cyanmethemoglobin?
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In which method is the specific gravity of blood assessed to evaluate hemoglobin levels?
In which method is the specific gravity of blood assessed to evaluate hemoglobin levels?
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What is indicated by positive turbidity in the Hemoglobin Solubility Test?
What is indicated by positive turbidity in the Hemoglobin Solubility Test?
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What is the principle of the Gasometric Method based on?
What is the principle of the Gasometric Method based on?
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What role do the six structural genes play in hemoglobin synthesis?
What role do the six structural genes play in hemoglobin synthesis?
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Which statement accurately describes methemoglobin?
Which statement accurately describes methemoglobin?
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What is sulhemoglobin and how is it formed?
What is sulhemoglobin and how is it formed?
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What effect does the presence of ferric iron have on the remaining heme groups in hemoglobin?
What effect does the presence of ferric iron have on the remaining heme groups in hemoglobin?
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Why do RBC precursors synthesize globin chains, but mature RBCs do not?
Why do RBC precursors synthesize globin chains, but mature RBCs do not?
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How does methemoglobin differ from normal hemoglobin in oxygen binding capability?
How does methemoglobin differ from normal hemoglobin in oxygen binding capability?
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What color does sulhemoglobin typically contribute to the blood?
What color does sulhemoglobin typically contribute to the blood?
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What is the consequence of ferric iron in hemoglobin?
What is the consequence of ferric iron in hemoglobin?
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What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
What is the primary function of hemoglobin?
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How is hemoglobin A inherited?
How is hemoglobin A inherited?
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What causes the kidneys to produce increased erythropoietin?
What causes the kidneys to produce increased erythropoietin?
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What is the composition of a hemoglobin molecule?
What is the composition of a hemoglobin molecule?
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What is the P50 value in relation to oxygen dissociation?
What is the P50 value in relation to oxygen dissociation?
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What do the variations in amino acid sequences in globin chains result in?
What do the variations in amino acid sequences in globin chains result in?
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What role does 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) play in hemoglobin function?
What role does 2,3-diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG) play in hemoglobin function?
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Which of the following best describes the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin?
Which of the following best describes the shape of the oxygen dissociation curve for hemoglobin?
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What happens during the assembly of hemoglobin?
What happens during the assembly of hemoglobin?
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Which factor influences the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin?
Which factor influences the oxygen affinity of hemoglobin?
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What is the main principle behind electrophoresis?
What is the main principle behind electrophoresis?
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Which method uses agarose gel for hemoglobin determination?
Which method uses agarose gel for hemoglobin determination?
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What is the pH range for Acid Hemoglobin Electrophoresis?
What is the pH range for Acid Hemoglobin Electrophoresis?
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Which technique is used as a confirmatory method for hemoglobin determination?
Which technique is used as a confirmatory method for hemoglobin determination?
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What is the purpose of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in the context of hemoglobin?
What is the purpose of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) in the context of hemoglobin?
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Which method is commonly used to monitor diabetic patients?
Which method is commonly used to monitor diabetic patients?
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What technique is similar to agarose gel for hemoglobin analysis?
What technique is similar to agarose gel for hemoglobin analysis?
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Which technique provides a visual method for hemoglobin determination?
Which technique provides a visual method for hemoglobin determination?
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Study Notes
Hemoglobin
- Normal adult hemoglobin A is inherited in a simple Mendelian manner with genotype A/A.
- Hemoglobin consists of 4 heme groups and 4 polypeptide chains totaling 574 amino acids.
- Functions to transport oxygen to tissues.
Heme Structure
- Heme comprises a protoporphyrin IX ring with a divalent ferrous iron (Fe2+) at its center.
- Each heme group can reversibly bind to one oxygen molecule, giving blood its red color.
Globin Structure
- Hemoglobin contains 4 globin chains made up of 2 identical pairs of unlike polypeptide chains, each containing 141 to 146 amino acids.
- Variations in amino acid sequences lead to different types of globin chains, designated by Greek letters.
Hemoglobin Assembly
- Post-ribosomal release, globin chains bind with heme to form heterodimers.
- Heterodimers combine to form tetramers, completing the hemoglobin molecule structure.
Hemoglobin Regulation
- Synthesis is primarily stimulated by tissue hypoxia, prompting kidneys to produce erythropoietin.
- Normal hemoglobin levels: Men (14-18 g/dL), Women (12-15 g/dL), Newborns (16.5-21.5 g/dL).
Role of 2,3-Diphosphoglycerate (2,3-DPG)
- 2,3-DPG regulates hemoglobin's oxygen affinity, affecting its structural arrangement.
Oxygen Dissociation Curve
- Affinity for oxygen is influenced by partial pressure (PO2) and is represented by the P50 value.
- The sigmoidal curve indicates low affinity at low oxygen tension and high affinity at high levels.
- Blood pH changes shift the curve (Bohr effect).
Hemoglobin Synthesis
- Heme and globin synthesis involve 6 structural genes and occur in RBC precursors.
- In mature RBCs, globin chain synthesis ceases.
Hemoglobin Variants
- Methemoglobin: Contains iron in oxidized state (Fe3+) and is brownish to bluish; cannot bind oxygen effectively.
- Sulfhemoglobin: Results from irreversible oxidation, has a greenish pigment, and colors blood mauve-lavender.
- Carboxyhemoglobin: Formed by carbon monoxide binding, characterized by a cherry-red color; dangerous due to carbon monoxide's toxicity.
Hemoglobin Determination
- Colorimetric Methods: Includes visual and photoelectric techniques for hemoglobin content determination.
- Gasometric Method: Indirect measure based on O2 binding to iron.
- Chemical Method: Hemoglobin solubility test indicates turbidity with decreased oxygenated hemoglobin solubility.
- Electrophoresis: Automated technique using agarose or cellulose acetate for hemoglobin separation based on molecular charge.
- High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC): Separates hemoglobin, useful for diagnosing conditions like thalassemia and monitoring HbA1C in diabetic patients.
Additional Methods for Determining Hemoglobin
- Copper Sulfate Method: Measures specific gravity related to hemoglobin concentration, relevant in blood donation.
- Capillary Electrophoresis: Similar to agarose method for hemoglobin analysis.
- Isoelectric Focusing (IEF): A confirmatory technique for hemoglobin variants.
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Description
Test your knowledge on the intricate structure and function of hemoglobin, including its genetic inheritance and assembly. This quiz covers the key components such as heme and globin chains, along with the regulation of hemoglobin synthesis in response to oxygen levels. Perfect for students studying biology and biochemistry.
