Hematopoiesis dalam Biologi

The continuous process of renewal, proliferation, differentiation, and maturation of all blood cell lineages.

Early blood cell formation, occurring in the yolk sac during embryonic development.

Blood cell production in the liver during fetal development (2nd-7th months), with increased granulocyte, monocyte, and megakaryocyte production, alongside lymphoid organ activation.

Main site of blood cell production from the 4th-5th fetal month until adulthood in the bone marrow.

All bone marrow in infants is hematopoietic.

Only the vertebrae, ribs, sternum, sacrum, pelvis, cranium, and proximal ends of femurs are hematopoetically active in adults.

Blood cells develop outside the marrow sinus, mature cells enter the blood stream from marrow sinus through microcirculation. Found structures include: erythroid, myeloid, megakaryocytic and lymphoid.

Lymphoid cells develop in primary lymphoid tissues (bone marrow and thymus) and secondary lymphoid tissues (spleen, lymph nodes, and MALT).

Bone marrow produces mature blood cells, increases blood cell production if needed, and compensates for decreased blood cell production by activating extramedullary hematopoiesis(other organs taking over).

Blood cell production, starting with pluripotent stem cells that are self-renewing and differentiate into various blood cell types.

Self-renewing and multipotent stem cells that differentiate into various blood cell lineages.

A progenitor cell that differentiates into lymphocytes (T cells, B cells, NK cells) and antigen-presenting cells (dendritic cells).

A progenitor cell that differentiates into granulocytes, erythrocytes, monocytes, and megakaryocytes (platelets).

Cytokines that regulate hematopoiesis by stimulating differentiation, maturation, preventing apoptosis, and influencing the function of mature blood cells.

The process of red blood cell production, occurring in the bone marrow.

A hormone produced by the kidneys that regulates red blood cell production.

Promotes red blood cell differentiation, prevents apoptosis of progenitor cells and induces hemoglobin synthesis.

Colony-forming unit erythroid; an early stage in red blood cell development that responds to EPO.

A large immature red blood cell precursor, characterized by a large, central nucleus, and bluish cytoplasm.

The process of red blood cell development from pronormoblast to mature RBC, involving decreasing size and cytoplasmic change from blue to pink, while the nucleus gets expelled.

An immature red blood cell that still contains some RNA and can synthesise Hb.

A mature, non-nucleated cell with a biconcave shape and a lifespan of about 120 days.

The site where red blood cell production mostly happens.

Low oxygen levels stimulate the kidney to increase EPO production, which in turn encourages erythropoiesis.

Removal of old or damaged red blood cells (RBCs) from circulation.

Destruction of RBCs outside the blood vessels, primarily by macrophages.

Destruction of RBCs inside the blood vessels, due to mechanical damage.

Tetramer protein complex, carrying oxygen to tissues. Composed of heme & globin chains

Binds and transports oxygen from lungs to body tissues.

Protoporphyrin ring complexed with iron (Fe2+).

Protein components of hemoglobin. Includes alpha & beta chains.

Absorption of iron in the form of Fe2+ in the intestines.

Iron travels in the blood bound to transferrin (Fe3+).

Iron stored in cells as ferritin.

Heme breakdown product, created during RBC destruction.

The process of forming granulocytes, which are white blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm.

White blood cells with granules in their cytoplasm. This category includes neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils.

A type of granulocyte, the most abundant white blood cell, crucial in the initial response to infection.

The production of myeloid cells, a category including granulocytes and monocytes.

The production of lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell, key for the adaptive immune response.

The typical range of white blood cells found in the blood (4.5-11.5 thousand per cubic millimeter).

White blood cells with a non-segmented nucleus; include monocytes and lymphocytes.

A type of mononuclear phagocyte that matures into macrophages and participates in immune response.

A type of white blood cell key to adaptive immunity, including B cells and T cells.

Neutrophil development in the bone marrow involves stages with changing size, granular appearance, and chromatin structure.