Questions and Answers
Where are blood cells produced at different stages of development?
In the liver during fetal development and in the bone marrow in adults
What are the two types of bone marrow and their basic structure?
Red and yellow bone marrow; red bone marrow is mainly involved in making blood cells, yellow bone marrow contains mainly fat cells
How does a single type of multipotential stem cell give rise to two lineages (myeloid cells and lymphocytes), and then each of those two lineages give rise to all the mature blood cells?
Through a process known as hematopoiesis, where the stem cell undergoes differentiation into different blood cell lineages
What happens at each stage of erythropoiesis?
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What are the general effects of growth factors on blood cell development?
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What is the process of erythrocyte development called?
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Which blood cell has the shortest circulation period?
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Which hormone primarily controls erythropoiesis?
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What causes abnormal increase in bilirubin, leading to jaundice?
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Which blood cell has the longest maturation period in the marrow?
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Which blood cell can circulate for days to decades?
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Where is erythropoietin (EPO) synthesized in response to decreased oxygen levels?
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What process involves the development of granulocytes from their progenitor cells?
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How are near-mature neutrophils stored?
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What happens to reticulocytes before they become erythrocytes?
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Where does blood cell formation occur in adults?
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What is the function of stroma in bone marrow?
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Which organ also contains sinusoids and sinusoidal capillaries?
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What type of bone marrow gradually changes to yellow as newborns grow?
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From which hematopoietic stem cell lines do two lines of blood cell development come?
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Where does hemopoiesis occur in the fetus before bone marrow formation?
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Approximately how many new blood cells are produced daily in a healthy adult to maintain steady state?
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What is the process of blood cell formation called?
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Where does hemopoiesis occur in adults?
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What is the function of sinusoids in bone marrow?
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Where do monocytes and granulocytes share the same progenitor during monocytopoiesis?
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What is the characteristic appearance of the promonocyte's cytoplasm?
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What happens to monocytes after entering connective tissue?
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Where do lymphoid stem cells produce CFU-L?
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Where do megakaryocytes form thin processes that fragment to release platelets?
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How do RBCs enter the bloodstream?
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Which type of leukemia results in a lack of normal hematopoiesis and peripheral cytopenias?
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What occurs in metastases to bone marrow, such as metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma?
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Study Notes
- Monocytes and granulocytes share the same progenitor, GFU-GM, during monocytopoiesis
- Monocyte progenitor (promonocyte) has a bluish cytoplasm and numerous azurophilic granules (lysosomes)
- Every day, an average adult forms over 10 billion monocytes, which transform into macrophages after entering connective tissue
- In lymphopoiesis, hematopoietic stem cells produce myeloid and lymphoid stem cells
- Myeloid stem cells produce CFU-GEMM, while lymphoid stem cells produce CFU-L
- Some lymphoid stem cells migrate to the thymus and become T lymphocytes, while others differentiate into B lymphocytes within bone marrow
- Leukemias are malignant clones of leukocyte precursors that occur in bone marrow and lymphoid tissue
- Leukemias result in a highly cellular marrow, causing complications such as infection, hemorrhage, and anemia
- In myelogenous leukemia, bone marrow contains mostly leukemic cells, leading to a lack of normal hematopoiesis and peripheral cytopenias
- Platelets originate from the red bone marrow by fragmentation of megakaryocytes, which each produce 5,000 to 10,000 platelets
- Megakaryocytes form thin processes that cross the sinusoid wall and fragment at their tips to release platelets
- RBCs enter the bloodstream by a pressure gradient that exists across the sinusoid wall, while WBCs cross by their own activity (diapedesis)
- During monocytopoiesis, monocytes/macrophages and lymphocytes have the potential for further division, while granulocytes do not.
- Metastases to bone marrow can occur, such as metastatic prostatic adenocarcinoma, which can be identified through markers like AE-1 and confirmed through bone scans and marrow biopsies.
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